Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

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Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

• MEDL 2350

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• The number of cervical vertebrae.
• 7
• 5
• 12
• 8

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• The heel bone
• Tibia
• Calcaneus
• Phalange
• humerus

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• The combining form for stiff, or bent
• Arthr/o
• Myel/o
• Ankyl/o
• Orth/o

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• A patient has a work related injury to the distal
  phalanx. What structure has been injured?
• Wrist
• Back
• Finger
• breastbone

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• Which of the following is found in the upper
  extremity?
• Metatarsal
• Hallux
• Pollux
• Fibula

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• The breastbone
• Sacrum
• Femur
• Patella
• sternum

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• Which of the following means lower back?
• Tendinitis
• Lumbar
• Chrondrocyst
• myoblast

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• Myorrhaphy
• Suture of a muscle
• Repair of a muscle
• Incision of a muscle
• Rupture of a muscle

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• A patient presents to the ER with a fractured leg
  with part of the large bone protruding from the
  skin. There is much blood and the wound is
  dirty. Which statement is TRUE?
• The fibula was involved
• This is a closed fracture
• This open fracture contained the femur
• The tibia was involved in an open fracture

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• Which structure is found directly inferior to the
  last lumbar vertebra?
• The last thoracic vertebra
• The first sacral vertebra
• The first coccygeal vertebra
• The last cervical vertebra

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General

• The cardiovascular system is a series of tubes
  and a muscular pump that provides a ONE-WAY
  street for blood, oxygen, and nutrients.
• Blood and nutrients travel through blood vessels
  (arteries, veins, and capillaries).
• The lymphatic system is responsible for draining
  excess fluid from the tissues and returning it to
  the circulatory system.

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• The cardiovascular system is fueled by a muscular
  pump called the heart. The heart is actually two
  pumps connected by a SEPTUM.
• The right side of the heart pumps blood that is
  deficient in oxygen to the lungs.
• The left side of the heart pumps blood that is
  rich in oxygen to the body.

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Combining Forms
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The Heart

• The heart has three distinct layers of tissue.
• 1. endocardium
• - deepest layer.
• 2. myocardium
• - muscle
• 3. epicardium
• - outermost layer

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• The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood
  and is enclosed in a membranous sac. This sac
  allows the heart to beat without friction.
• This sac is called the PERICARDIUM. Peri- means
  around, cardium refers to the heart.

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• Peri/cardi/ectomy
• - sx procedure excising the
  pericardium.
• Peri/cardi/o/rraphy
• - suturing a wound of the
  pericardium.
• My/o/cardi/um
• - the muscular layer of the heart.

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• There are two sides of the heart.
• There are two vertical divisions of the heart.
• The top compartments are ATRIUM
• The bottom compartments are VENTRICLES
• Therefore, there are right and left atrium and
  right and left ventricles.

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• Abbreviations for chambers
• Right atrium RA
• Right ventricle RV
• Left atrium LA
• Left ventricle LV

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• The ventricles are larger than the atrium. This
  is because the ventricles are responsible for
  pumping blood a farther distance than the atrium.
• Of the two ventricles, the left is larger than
  the right. This is because the left ventricle
  must pump blood to the entire body.

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• A rapid contraction of the atrium or ventricle is
  known as a FLUTTER.
• Atrial flutter can cause chest pain and shortness
  of breath (SOB).
• The rule for forming plural words from the
  singular that end in um is to drop the um and
  add an a.

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• The prefix tachy- refers to rapid.
• a rapid heartbeat (pulse)
• tachycardia
• The prefix brady- refers to slow.
• a slow heartbeat (pulse)
• bradycardia

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• Arteries bring blood AWAY from the heart.
• Veins bring blood TOWARD the heart.
• Arteries usually carry blood with much oxygen.
• Veins usually carry blood with little oxygen.
• The RIGHT ATRIUM receives blood from all tissues
  of the body through veins. This blood is oxygen
  poor.

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• The blood brought back to the heart comes from
  three sources
• SUPERIOR VENA CAVA (SVC) brings blood from the
  top part of the body.
• INFERIOR VENA CAVA (IVC) brings blood from the
  lower part of the body.
• CORONARY SINUS brings blood from the heart
  muscle.
• All three sources empty into the RIGHT ATRIUM.

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• Once inside the right atrium, the blood must
  travel to the right ventricle. In order to do
  this, it must pass through the TRICUSPID VALVE.
• The function of all heart valves is to allow one
  way travel of blood. It would be dangerous to
  have blood backflow because of different oxygen
  concentrations.

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• Once inside the right ventricle, the blood passes
  through the PULMONARY SEMILUNAR VALVE into the
  PULMONARY ARTERIES.
• The pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-deficient
  blood to the lungs.
• Once inside the lungs, the blood vessels branch
  until they reach one cell layer thick. These
  CAPILLARIES combine with the ALVEOLI of the lungs
  for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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• The blood now has much oxygen. It returns to the
  heart by the PULMONARY VEINS. There are four
  pulmonary veins that empty into the LEFT ATRIUM.
• The blood then must pass through the MITRAL VALVE
  (BICUSPID VALVE) into the left ventricle.
• From the left ventricle the blood passes through
  the AORTIC SEMILUNAR VALVE in the AORTA.
• The aorta is the largest artery of the body.

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• The contraction of the left ventricle sends blood
  rich in oxygen all over the body. There are
  three arteries that bring blood to the head,
  neck, and upper extremities. There is one major
  vessel that brings blood to the abdomen and lower
  extremities.
• Arteries are the large vessels that bring blood
  away from the heart. These vessels branch into
  smaller ARTERIOLES which eventually branch into
  CAPILLARIES which are only one cell thick.

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• The primary responsibility for initiating the
  heartbeat is with the SINOATRIAL NODE. This is
  located on the posterior wall of the right
  atrium.
• Once this electric current is generated, atrial
  muscle contracts forcing blood into the
  ventricles. Once this occurs the heartbeat moves
  to another region called the ATRIOVENTRICULAR
  NODE.

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• Once this occurs, the AV node sends electrical
  impulses through a series of BUNDLE BRANCHES
  ending in PURKINJE FIBERS that stimulate the
  ventricles to contract.

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The Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds

• The CARDIAC CYCLE is the events that occur in one
  complete heartbeat.
• The cardiac cycle has 2 phases
• 1. contraction of the heart SYSTOLE
• 2. relaxation of the heart DIASTOLE

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• The atria and ventricles have different functions
  during the cardiac cycle.
• When the atrium are contracting, blood flows into
  the ventricles. Therefore, the ventricles have
  to be relaxing.
• When the atria are in systole, the ventricles are
  in diastole.
• Electrical activity of the heart can be measured
  by an electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG).

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• EKGs are electrical tracings of each part of the
  cardiac cycle.
• Each time a different part of the heart
  contracts, an electrical impulse can be recorded
  from different areas on the thorax.

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QRS complex signals activity of the Purkinje
fibers and Bundle of His
P wave signals atrial contraction
T wave - signals ventricular relaxation
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• Microcardia
• - small heart
• Cardiomegaly (megalocardia)
• - enlargement of heart
• Myocardial Infarction (MI)
• - heart attack
• Hypertension
• - high blood pressure

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• ATHEROSCLEROSIS is a form of ARTERIOSCLEROSIS and
  is characterized by an abnormal accumulation of
  fat and fibrous tissue (scarring) in a blood
  vessel.
• This leads to a narrowing of the LUMEN which
  causes a decrease in blood flow to a part of the
  body.
• This condition can lead to NECROSIS, or cellular
  death.

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• To prevent blood clots, patients may take an
  ANTICOAGULANT. These are agents that delay blood
  coagulation (clotting).
• Anticoagulants are used to prevent THROMBUS
  formation (THROMBOGENESIS).
• THROMBOLYSIS is accomplished with THROMBOLYTIC
  AGENTS or medications that destroy a clot.

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• An ANEURYSM is a weakened blood vessel wall
  caused by DILATION of the vessel. This causes
  the vessel to balloon and eventually burst.
• There are two types of aneursym
• 1. Fusiform the wall dilates equally
  resulting in a tubular swelling.
• 2. Sacculated a balloon is attached to
  the vessel by a narrow stalk.

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Lymphatics

• The lymphatic system functions to drain excess
  fluid from the tissues. They also act as guards
  against fluid impurities.
• The system includes lymph nodes, lymph vessels,
  and lymph fluid.
• Combining Forms
• Aden/o gland
• Lymph/o lymph
• Lymphaden/o lymph node
• Lymphangi/o lymph vessel
• Splen/o spleen

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