ICAO State Safety Programme (SSP) Implementation Course

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(No Transcript)
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SSP A structured approach
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Objective

• At the end of this module, participants will be
  able to explain the strengths and weaknesses of
  long-established approaches to manage safety and
  describe new perspectives and methods of managing
  safety by the State

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Contents

• A concept of accident causation
• System performance in the real world
• Safety management strategies Levels of
  intervention and tools
• Hazards and safety risks
• Safety risk assessment
• Questions and answers
• Points to remember

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Concept of safety

• Consider (the weaknesses in the notion of
  perfection)
• The elimination of accidents (and serious
  incidents) is unachievable
• Failures will occur, in spite of the most
  accomplished prevention efforts
• No human activity or human-made system can be
  guaranteed to be absolutely free from hazard and
  operational errors
• Controlled safety risk and controlled error are
  acceptable in an inherently safe system

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Concept of safety (Doc 9859)

• Safety is the state in which the possibility of
  harm to persons or property damage is reduced to,
  and maintained at or below, an acceptable level
  through a continuing process of hazard
  identification and risk management

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Safety
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A concept of accident causation
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A concept of accident causation
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A concept of accident causation
Actions or inactions by people (pilots,
controllers, maintenance engineers, aerodrome
staff, etc.) that have an immediate adverse
effect.
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A concept of accident causation
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A concept of accident causation
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System performance in the real world
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Managing safety Navigating the drift
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Navigational aids
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Strategies Levels of intervention and tools
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Three key definitions

• Hazard Condition or object with the potential
  of causing injuries to personnel, damage to
  equipment or structures, loss of material, or
  reduction of ability to perform a prescribed
  function
• Consequence Potential outcome(s) of the hazard
• Safety Risk The assessment, expressed in terms
  of predicted probability and severity, of the
  consequence(s) of a hazard taking as reference
  the worst foreseeable situation

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Three key definitions

• Example
• Unclear aerodrome signage is a hazard
• A runway incursion is one of the consequences of
  the hazard
• The assessment (quantification) of the
  consequences of the potential runway incursion
  expressed in terms of probability and severity is
  the safety risk

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Understanding hazards

• There is a natural tendency to describe hazards
  as their consequence(s)
• Unclear aerodrome signage vs. runway
  incursion
• Stating a hazard as consequence(s)
• disguises the nature of the hazard
• interferes with identifying other important
  consequences
• Well-named hazards
• allow to infer the sources or mechanisms of the
  hazard
• allow to evaluate the loss outcome(s)

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Types of Hazards

• Natural
• Technical
• Economic

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Examples of natural hazards

• Severe weather or climatic events
• E.g. hurricanes, major winter storms, drought,
  tornadoes, thunderstorms lightning, and wind
  shear
• Adverse weather conditions
• E.g. Icing, freezing precipitation, heavy rain,
  snow, winds, and restrictions to visibility

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Examples of natural hazards

• Geophysical events
• E.g. earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis,
  floods and landslides
• Geographical conditions
• E.g. adverse terrain or large bodies of water
• Environmental events
• E.g. wildfires, wildlife activity, and insect or
  pest infestation
• Public health events
• E.g. epidemics of influenza or other diseases

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Examples of technical hazards

• Deficiencies regarding
• E.g. aircraft and its components, systems,
  subsystems and related equipment
• E.g. an organizations facilities, tools, and
  related equipment
• E.g. facilities, systems, sub-systems and
  related equipment that are external to the
  organization

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Examples of economic hazards

• Major trends related to
• Growth
• Recession
• Cost of material or equipment
• Etc.

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Hazard analysis
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Safety risk management

• What is it?
• The analysis and elimination, and/or mitigation
  to an acceptable level of the safety risks of the
  consequences of identified hazards
• What is the objective?
• A balanced allocation of resources to address all
  safety risks and viable safety risks control and
  mitigation
• Why is it important?
• It is a data-driven approach to safety resources
  allocation, thus defensible and easier to explain

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Definitions

• Probability
• The likelihood that an unsafe event or condition
  might occur
• Severity
• The possible effects of an unsafe event or
  condition, taking as reference the worst
  foreseeable situation

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Safety risk probability
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Safety risk severity
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Safety risk assessment matrix (example)
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Safety risk tolerability
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Warm-up exercise N 02/01

• Scenario
• Fuel spill on the apron area surface of
  approximately 25 m (75 ft) length and 5 m (15 ft)
  width, produced by an A310 ready to pushback and
  taxi for departure

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Warm-up exercise N 02/01 results
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Warm-up exercise N 02/02

• Scenario
• It was observed that airline baggage handling
  personnel generates FO(D) on the aerodrome apron
  area

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Warm-up exercise N 02/02 results
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Questions and answers

• Basic safety management concepts

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Questions and answers

• Q What is the ICAO definition for safety in Doc
  9859?
• A ?

Slide number
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Questions and answers

• Q Explain the three different methods for
  navigating the drift
• A

Slide number
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Questions and answers

• Q Define safety risk management
• A ?

Slide number
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Points to remember

• The concept of safety
• Systems and operational performance in the real
  world
• Levels of intervention and tools for managing
  safety
• Hazard identification
• Safety risk management

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Module N 2 Basic safety management concepts