Air Quality Management in Mumbai

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Air Quality Management in Mumbai

• V.K.Phatak
• MMRDA

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What is Air Pollution?

• High School Science taught us that air is
  composed of Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O2), Carbon
  Dioxide (CO2) and Water Vapour. However in
  typical urban environment, air has other
  substances which in excess of certain proportions
  could be harmful to human health, vegetation or
  built properties. This could be called air
  pollution.

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Common Air Pollutants

• US EPA identified Criteria Pollutants based
  on their health impacts. These are
• Sulphur Dioxide Nitrogen Oxides, Particulate
• Matter, Carbon Monoxide and Ozone.
• In addition VOCs are listed as common air
  pollutant causing smog.
• EPA prescribes Primary Standards to protect
  health and Secondary Standards prevent
  environmental property damage.

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Effects of Air Pollutants
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Effects of Air Pollutants
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Sources of Air Pollution

• SO2 Burning of fuel, Industrial Processes
• Nox Burning of gasoline, natural gas, coal,
  oil etc, Vehicle exhaust, Power Stations
• SPM Burning of fuel, Vehicle exhaust,
  Industrial sources, burning of Refuge,
  re-suspension of dust
• CO Burning of gasoline, natural gas, coal,
  oil etc.
• Lead Leaded gasoline, paint, smelters,
  Manufacturing of Lead storage
  batteries
• Ozone Chemical reaction of pollutants, VOCs and
  Nox in the presence of heat and
  sunlight.
• VOCs Released from burning fuel (including
  Natural Gas), solvents, paints, glues. Cars
  are important source of VOCs

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National Standards for Air Pollution
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EPA Standards for Air Pollution
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Situation in Mumbai
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Air Pollution Trends in Mumbai
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Seasonal Variation of Air Pollution in Mumbai
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Geographical Variations
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Ambient Air Quality at Traffic Intersections
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OBSERVATIONS ON TREND

• Sulphur Dioxide
• Levels are well within limits mainly due to use
  of low sulphur fuel by industries and low
  sulphur Diesel by vehicles
• Nitrogen Oxide
• Levels are well within limits. However
  increasing trend in last two years may be due to
  increase in number of vehicles.
• Lead
• Emitted mainly from leaded gasoline used in
  vehicles. However at present only unleaded
  gasoline is used in Mumbai
• SPM
• Exceeds all over Mumbai and shows increasing
  trend. All studies have recommended Action plan
  for reduction of SPM especially PM 10.

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OBSERVATIONS ON TREND

• Carbon Monoxide
• Levels are high near Traffic Junctions. Traffic
  Police and Pedestrians near Traffic junctions are
  affected. CO easily gets converted to CO2.
• Seasonal Variations
• Pollution levels markedly rise in Winter. This
  can be mainly attributed to adverse
  meteorological conditions prevailing in Winter
  low wind speeds, likely pockets of inversion.

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Ozone

• The ground level Ozone is the result of chemical
  reaction between Oxides of Nitrogen and Volatile
  organic Compounds in presence of heat and
  sunlight. Given the fact such situation exists in
  Mumbai, monitoring ozone seems to deserve
  attention. though ozone is not being monitored at
  present.
• ( Ozone at higher level is useful as it
  obstructs the ultra-violet rays, but Ozone at
  ground level is harmful)

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Pollution Load in Mumbai

• Sources Percent Load
• 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-2001
• Domestic 1.52 1.5 3.0
• Industrial
• commercial 37.15 36.77 10.8
• Transport 61.33 61.73 86.2

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• Policies to be Pursued

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MAIN ISSUES

• SPM and particularly PM 10 is the main pollutant.
• Transport / Auto Emissions -- Main cause and
  source of SPM - PM10
• Impact on ambient air quality depends upon
  traffic congestion, sub optimal speeds, land use
  and built form along roads

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Vehicular Emissions

• Engine Design
• -- Four - stroke engines / Euro I II engines
• -- Catalytic Converters/ Oxidation catalyst
• Cleaner Fuels
• -- Unleaded Fuel
• -- Low Sulphur Diesel
• Alternate Fuel
• -- Use of CNG / LPG
• Inspection Maintenance and Certification of
  Vehicles

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Minimize Private Vehicle Use

• Improve Public Transport
• Expanding road network to reduce trip lengths
  e.g. East West Links
• Demand Management -- to reduce auto use in
  congested areas parking fees, cordon pricing,
  area licensing etc.
• Improve Pedestrian and NMT Facilities
• Land use Planning to reduce need for long travels

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Air Quality and Impact Monitoring

• Ambient Air Quality monitoring dissemination
• Emission Inventory
• Surface and upper level Meteorological
  measurements
• Personal Exposure Assessment
• Health Assessment of Air Pollution in Mumbai

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Preparation of Particulate Matter Reduction
Action Plan for Greater Mumbai

• Objective of the study is to
• Develop and adopt cost-effective strategy for
  reducing ambient levels of SPM and PM10
• Develop an Action Plan that targets at immediate
  reduction of PM10
• Prepare feasibility studies for the priority
  actions, in the urban transport sector that could
  be financed by MUTP.

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Thank you