Astronomy

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Astronomy
Unit IV
The Exploration of Space
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What do you know now?

• Put the following in chronological order
• First space station
• First space shuttle launch
• People walk on the moon
• Satellite goes to another planet
• Vietnam War
• World War II
• 1988 (or year of your birth)

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Unit Objectives

• Discuss the goals, accomplishments, and impact of
  the major manned space exploration programs,
  including Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, Skylab, the
  Shuttle, and their Soviet counterparts (Vostok,
  Voshkod, Soyuz, Salyut, and Mir)
• Discuss the goals, accomplishments, and impact of
  the major unmanned space exploration programs,
  including Voyager, Hubble, and the Mars missions
• Improve Oral Presentation Skills!

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People on the Moon?

• How many people have walked on the moon?
• When was the last time we went to the moon? How
  did we get there?
• Whats it like on the moon? What do astronauts
  DO on the moon?
• WHY did we GO?

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An Overview of Manned Unmanned Space
Exploration(Ancient History)
WWII, Rockets, Robert Goddard
Before Sputnik
Mercury Gemini vs. Vostok Voskhod
1960s Space Race
Victory is Ours!
Apollo Reaches the Moon!
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An Overview of Manned Unmanned Space
Exploration
Skylab Soyuz
An attempt at Space Stations
A fateful conjunction
Pioneer Voyager
The Space Shuttle
A Cheaper Way to Travel...
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An Overview of Manned Unmanned Space
Exploration
Challenger
Disaster
and Peace
Mir
Unmanned Exploration
Magellan, COBE, Hubble, Mars Observer, Galileo
Probe...
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Robert H. Goddard
One of the few non-presidents for which a NASA
site is named, Robert H. Goddard published A
Method of Attaining Extreme Altitude ...
...a paper which proposed the mathematics of
rocketry
1919
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Who cares?

• Missiles to bomb the bad guys!!!!

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Soviet Union Launches Sputnik I
October 4, 1957
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Who cares?

• BOMBS can now reach us!!!! (Like the wake-up
  call of 9/11)
• They BEAT us technologically!!

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The Space Race had begun!
The first Soviet program was called Vostok
(East).
The first American program was called Mercury --
maybe because they had to be quick to catch up!
(There were 7 Mercury astronauts.)
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USA finally launches a satellite...
Vanguard I
March 17, 1958
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The Animals went First
The Soviet Union launched a dog named Laika.
The dog died in space 10 days later.
Americans used chimpanzees monkeys Enos, Ham,
Sam.
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First Man in Space
Yuri Gargarin
A Soviet Cosmonaut
Portrait taken at the Soviet Exhibition, London,
England, July 1961
April 12, 1961
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First AMERICAN Man in Space
Alan Shepard
He doesnt even complete 1 orbit.
May 5, 1961
Died 7/98
Guess what state he was from
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JFK Jumpstarts the Space Program.
State of the Union Address
May 25, 1961
(Video is from a later speech at Rice University)
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First AMERICAN Man to Orbit Earth
John Glenn
Freedom 7 Launch
9 months late...
Splashdown
February 20, 1962
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Power to Women!
Valentina Tereshkova was the first woman in
space.
Onboard Vostok 6
OKso it was a publicity stunt by Kruschev
June, 1963
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Meanwhile, Mariner left the people way behind...
Mariner 2 went to Venus.(1962)
Mariner 4 went to Mars(1965)
But nobody cares about machines.
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A cosmonaut floats above Earth...
The Soviets begin the Voskhod program --
Ascent
They launch a 3 man crew, and perform the first
space walk
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America Responds with Gemini
Gemini for Twins 2 people
Rendezvous of Gemini 6 7
First American Spacewalk Gemini 4 (Ed White)
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The Next Stage... Apollo
Apollo was designed to carry three men.
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Tragedy Strikes the First Apollo Mission
Astronaut Virgil Gus Grissom
Astronaut Ed White II
Astronaut Roger Chaffee
Die during a launch test, when a spark ignites
the pure Oxygen environment of the Apollo 1
capsule
January 27, 1967
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The World Watched
Apollo 11 lifted off today, carrying Michael
Collins, Edwin Buzz Aldrin, and Neil
Armstrong. Destination The Moon!
July 16, 1969
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Victory is Ours!
The World gathered, around radio TV, in
anticipation of the lunar landing... At 41740
Eastern Daylight Time, Man set foot on the Moon.
July 20, 1969
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Americans Explore the Moon
America sent six more Apollo missions to the moon.
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Would the last one out please turn off the
lights...
(Apollo 13 didnt quite make it.)
Apollo 16 ascent
Apollo 16 Rover
Apollo 17 Rover Repairs
A total of 12 Americans walked on the moon.
The last one was Eugene Cernan.
December, 1972
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We were trying to outdo the Soviets again...
While we were beating the Soviets to the moon,
they were mastering skills and technology needed
for space stations.
Before we had landed on the moon, they had
transferred men in space to an unmanned vehicle,
and landed it.
These were the Soyuz missions.
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Salyut - the first true Space Station
Soviets first docked with Salyut in April, 1971.
In June, 1971, three cosmonauts remained on
Salyut for almost a month.
All three died when their spacecraft
depressurized while returning to Earth.
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We launched a space station...
The USA launched Skylab in 1973.
Three crews of three men occupied the station
over the next few years, testing human space
endurance studying the Sun and Earth.
Longest stay 3 months
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Skylab died an early death...
Skylab was supposed to orbit until 1983...
The third final crew left Feb 8, 1974.
Skylab entered the atmosphere, and burned up in
1979.
No people were injured, but it sure made a mess...
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US - Soviet Space Agreement...
While the Cold War kept Americans Soviets apart
on Earth, Space seemed our universal territory.
"Men who have worked together to reach the stars
are not likely to descend together into the
depths of war and desolation." U.S. Senator
Lyndon Baines Johnson,addressing the U.N.
General Assembly, 1958
July 15-24, 1975
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Apollo-Soyuz
In the middle of the Cold War, a gesture for
peace
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Meanwhile, someone noticed a special conjunction
of planets.
Every 176 years, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus,
Neptune line up in a way that would let us use
their gravity to slingshot a probe to all of
them...
Someone noticed that it would be happening soon,
and a much less publicized race began...
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The Pioneers led the Way
Pioneer 10 was launched March 2, 1972
Pioneer 11 was launched April 5, 1973
Pioneer 10 passed Jupiter in 1974, recording its
INTENSE magnetic field.
On June 13, 1983, it became the first craft to
leave the planets behind...
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Pioneer 11
Pioneer 11 screamed past Jupiter at 107,400 mph
-- the fastest speed ever recorded by a man-made
object.
Pioneer 11 also passed Saturn, heading out of
our solar system in the opposite direction of its
twin Pioneer 10.
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Pioneer 11 is Dead
The Mission of Pioneer 11 has ended. Its RTG
power source is exhausted.
The last communication from Pioneer 11 was
received in November 1995, shortly before the
Earth's motion carried it out of view of the
spacecraft antenna.
The spacecraft is headed toward the constellation
of Aquila (The Eagle), Northwest of the
constellation of Sagittarius. Pioneer 11 may pass
near one of the stars in the constellation in
about 4 million years.
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Pioneer 10 is still talking
In December, 1992, Pioneer 10 was tugged off
course. Scientists think it came near a Kuiper
Belt object.
Its currently traveling about 27,380 mph, and is
about 6,865,324,211 miles from the sun.
From radiation level data that Pioneer sends
back, scientists know it hasnt reached the edge
of the solar system yet.
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Both Pioneer spacecraft carry a message to ET...
a plaque containing pictures and sizes of a male
female, as well as a description of our solar
system (including the planet that launched the
probe).
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VIKING explores Mars
Viking 1 launched August 20, 1975
Viking 2 launched Sept 9, 1975
Landed July 20, 1976
Landed Sept 3, 1976
11/15/04. lthttp//nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/space
craft/viking_lander_model.jpggt
11/15/04. lthttp//nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/space
craft/viking_orbiter.jpggt
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Voyager
Voyager 2 was launched August 20, 1977
Voyager 1 followed in September...
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Voyagers captured our only video of the outer
planets.
Jupiter
Saturn
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Voyagers also carried a message to the universe

• A 12 inch copper disk contains
• 115 images
• a variety of natural sounds and musical
  selections,
• greetings in 55 languages

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NASA maintains contact with the Voyager Probes
Voyager 1 is 6,957,000,000 miles from the sun,
traveling 38,684 miles/hour.
Voyager 2 is 5,453,000,000 miles from the sun,
traveling 35,408 miles/hour.
Weekly updates are available from the Voyager web
site http//vraptor.jpl.nasa.gov/voyager/voyager.
html
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A Cheaper Way to Travel The Shuttle
The Space Shuttle was designed to be reusable,
and therefore cheaper...
Initially, four shuttles were built
Columbia
Challenger
Atlantis
Discovery
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The first Space Shuttle launched April 12, 1981
It was Columbia
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Finally, an American Woman Makes it to Space...
Sally Ride
June 18, 1983
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Disaster Strikes Again...
Challenger
January 28, 1986
Link to Memorial Site
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The Soviet Union Launches Mir
Translation Peace or Earth
Video
Modules
It took 10 years to complete.
Feb 20, 1986
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Americans Return to Space
Space Shuttle Discovery is launched
September 29,1988
America continued to launch the Space Shuttle,
ferrying larger and more expensive satellites, as
well as those that required human intervention.
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There have been many more probes...
Luna (Soviet Moon probes, 60s)
Galileo (to Jupiter, launched 10/89)
Pathfinder (Mars)
Cassini (to Saturn)
Sojourner (to Mars, The Rover)
Magellan (to Venus, launched 5/89)
Hubble (launched 4/24/90)
Spirit Opportunity (Mars)
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And What of the Future?
The USSR has collapsed, and the Russian economy
struggles to support its space program.
Soyuz carried the first resident crew to the ISS
10/31/2000
Dennis Tito first Space Tourist takes a
Russian slot on ISS, launching 4/28/01
Mir was deorbited March, 2001.
China sent its first man into space.
Ansari X Prize was won October 2004