From Gothic to Renaissance : The Fourteenth Century in Italy

1
From Gothic to Renaissance The Fourteenth
Century in Italy

• Chapter 19
• Gardners 11th edition

2
City-States

• Economic advantages
• Trade
• Capitalism
• Industrial production
• Catholic Church
• Political situation
• Somewhat unstable
• Some were despotic
• Republics tended to be oligarchies

3
Disruption and Change

• The Black Death
• Stimulated religious bequests
• Encouraged commissioning of devotional images
• Increasing hospital construction
• The Great Schism
• Religious questioning began

4
Humanism

• A Code of Civil Conduct
• Self-sacrificing service to state
• Participation in government
• Defense of state institutions especially justice
• A Theory of Education
• Study the classics
• Study great people
• A scholarly discipline
• Petrarch and Boccoccio

5
Italian Art

• Influenced by Byzantine style art
• Wall painting and painting on wood panels becomes
  popular
• Altarpieces - on main alters and secondary altars
  in cathedrals, in parish churches and private
  chapels
• Italo-Byzantine style, maniera greca shown in St.
  Francis Altarpiece by Berlinghieri

6
St. Francis Altarpiece - 1235by Bonaventura
Berlinghieri
7
Pulpit of the Pisa Cathedral baptistery Nicola
Pisano1259 -1260
8
The Annunciation and the Nativity Nicola Pisano
1259-1260
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The Annunciation and the Nativity Giovanni Pisano
1297-1301
10
Nicola vs. Giovanni

• Nicola Pisano
• Shows much classical influence
• Deeply cut
• Full-bodied
• Heavy, placid, faces
• Calm, static figures
• Focus is on Mary

• Giovanni Pisano
• Arranged loosely and dynamically
• Activeness emphasized by space
• Mary shrinks from Gabriel with alarm and humility
• People seem nervous, emotional

11
Seated Apostles from the Last Judgment - Pierre
Cavallini
12
Leading towards the Renaissance

• Two very important changes in sculpture and art
• A new contact with classical antiques
• A new adaptation to Gothic naturalism

13
Florence

• Independent
• Severed bonds with the church, kings, and feudal
  lords
• A champion of the genius of the Roman republic
• Saw itself as a defender off popular liberty

14
Siena vs. Florence

• Two important schools of Italian Gothic painting
  emerge
• The rivalry that already existed is continued
  through art
• Sienas foremost painter is Duccio Buoninsegna
• Florences foremost painter is Giotto di Bondone

15
Painting in Florence
16
Madonna Enthroned with Angels and Prophets
Cimabue1280-1290
17
Giotto di Bondone

• Considered Father of Western pictorial art
• Synthesized various styles but his true teacher
  was nature - the world of visible things
• Returned to naturalistic approach of the ancients
• Visual world must be observed to be understood
  analyzed
• Giotto reveals nature in the process of observing
  it

18
Madonna EnthronedGiotto di Bondone1310
19
Arena Chapel - Padua Giotto 1305-6

• Intended for private use of Scrovegni family
• 38 scenes - Life of Christ and the Virgin
• Lives of Virgin and parents (top)
• Life and mission of Christ (middle)
• Passion, Crucifixion, and Resurrection (bottom)
• Vices and Virtues (base)
• Grisaille

20
The Last JudgmentGiotto 1305-6

• Ceiling is blue with gold stars and medallions
  bearing the images of Christ, Mary, and various
  prophets
• Blue in background of panels ties it together
• Complex narrative
• Great use of color
• Conveys a sense of depth

21
The Lamentation Giotto 1305-6
22
The Meeting of Joachim and Anna Giotto - 1305
23
Giotto

• Dramatic narrative used by Franciscans to educate
  the faithful
• He created a dramatic narrative and holy lesson
  that was a truthful demonstration of human
  experience

24
Death of St. Francis - Santa Croce Giotto - 1320
25
Meeting of Joachim and Anna Taddeo Gaddi - 1338
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Cappella Baroncelli, Santa CroceTaddeo
Gaddi1328-1338
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Florence Cathedral Arnolfo di Cambio and others
begun 1296
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Florence Cathedral Arnolfo di Cambio and others
begun 1296
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Nave of Florence Cathedral begun 1296
30
Nave of Santa Maria Novella 1246-1470
31
Or San Michele tabernacleAndrea Orcagna begun
1349Madonna and Child with Saints Bernado Daddi
1346-1347
32
Madonna and Child with SaintsBernardo Daddi
1346-7
33
Virgin and Child Enthroned with Saintsfrom the
Maesta altarpieceDuccio di Buoninsegna
1308-1311
34
Features of the Maesta Altarpiece

• Byzantine
• Formality
• Symmetry
• Figures
• Facial types

• Northern Gothic
• Figures turned to converse with each other
• Body outlines are softened
• Drapery is softer
• 4 saints in front especially not stiff

35
Back of La Maesta
36
Betrayal of Jesus Duccio di Buoninsegna 1309-1344
37
Annunciation Simone Martini - 1333
38
Hail, favored one. The Lord is with you.
39
Symbolism

• Gabriel holding olive branch and scepter
• Emblems of triumph and peace
• Marys throne-like seat
• Allusion to future as Queen of Heavens
• Vase with white lilies
• Symbol of purity

40
Martinis style

• Marys face is Byzantine style
• Elegance of body and clothing are Italian Gothic
• Martini went to France - became head of papal
  court at Avignon
• Sienese and French Gothic develops into
  International Gothic at turn of century

41
The Birth of the Virgin Pietro Lorenzetti - 1342
42
Palazzo Pubblico 1288-1309
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Ambrogio LorenzettiPeaceful City 1338-1339
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Peaceful Country Ambrogio Lorenzetti 1338-1339