Working safely

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Working safely with solvents
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What is a solvent?

• Chemical substance which is used to dissolve or
  dilute other substances and materials (solutes)
  without chemical changes.

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Main Dangers of solvents

• Toxic effects
• Corrosive effects
• Flammable nature
• Reactive nature incompatible chemicals

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How can solvents affect health?

• Some of the short-term effects are
• irritation of eyes, lungs and skin
• headache
• nausea
• dizziness
• light-headedness.
• Increased chance of having an accident.
• Long-term effects e.g. dermatitis.

Unconsciousness and even death can result from
exposure to very high concentrations of solvent
vapours.
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How can solvents get into the body?

• ? Breathing in vapours and fumes.
• ? Contact with skin
• ? Ingestion (e.g. hand to mouth contact, eating
  with contaminated hands)

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Classification of Solvents

• Inorganic solvents
• water and aqueous solutions containing special
  additives (surfacants, detergents, PH buffers,
  inhibitors).
• acids and bases e.g. liquid anhydrous ammonia
  (NH3),concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
• Organic solvents
• Oxygenated solvents
• contain oxygen. e.g. alcohols, glycol ethers,
  methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, ketones, esters,
  and glycol ether/esters.
• Hydrocarbon solvents
• consist only of hydrogen and carbon atoms.
• -Aliphatic solvents have straight-chain
  structure e.g.hexane, gasoline, kerosene.
• -Aromatic solvents have benzene ring structure
  e.g. benzene, toluene and xylene.
• Halogenated solvents
• contain halogenic atoms (Cl, F , Br or I).

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Hazards Classification

• Risk to health resulting from acute, repeated or
  prolonged exposure 
• very toxic or toxic 
• harmful 
• corrosive 
• irritant 
• cancer causing 
• hazards to reproduction 
• can cause non-heritable birth defects 
• sensitizing 
• Fire and explosion hazards may be classified as
  follows 
• explosive 
• oxidizing 
• extremely flammable 
• highly flammable 
• flammable 
• The following properties present a hazard to the
  environment and are 
• toxic to living organisms 

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Toxic (T) and Very Toxic (T)
 

• Highly toxic chemicals
• Arsenic compounds
• Inorganic cyanides
• Mercury compounds
• Selenium and its compounds
• Thallium salts

• Examples
• Toxic Acids (e.g. hydrochloric, nitric, oxalic)
• Benzene
• Carbon disulphide
• Chlorinated hydrocarbons

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Harmful (Xn) substances

• Health risk if swallowed, inhaled or if it
  penetrates the skin.
• Do not breath in, use fume hood or face mask.
• Use protective clothing.
• Do not eat, drink or smoke after use and wash
  with plenty of water after contact with skin.

• Examples of Harmful Chemicals
• Alkyl bromides and chlorides e. g. bromomethane,
  iodomethane
• Aromatic and alaphatic amines.g. aniline,
  nitroaniline
• Phenols and aromatic nitro compounds

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Corrosive (C) substances

• Causes severe burns, destroys living tissue!
• Wash immediately with plenty of water in case of
  contact with eyes or skin.
• Wear gloves and goggles, remove all contaminated
  clothing.

• Examples of Corrosive Chemicals
• Acids and Bases ("caustics" or "alkalis").
• Dehydrating agents e.g. phosphorous pentoxide and
  calcium oxide.
• Halogens and halogen salts e.g. bromine, zinc
  chloride, sodium hypochlorite.
• Organic halides and organic acid halides such as
  acetyl chloride.
• Acid anhydrides.
• Some organic materials such as phenol ("carbolic
  acid").

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• Storage of Acids and Bases
• Corrosive storage cabinets separated from all
  other chemicals.
• They should not be stored in unapproved metal
  cabinets or on high shelves.
• Organic acids and organic bases may be stored
  with the flammables, but acid resistant plastic
  trays must carefully segregate them.

• Perchloric, Hydrofluoric and Nitric acid must be
  stored separately (e.g. in nalgene buckets).

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   Irritating (Xi) substances  
 

• Examples
• Solvents e.g acetone, ethanol
• Weak acids, e.g. acetic, citric
• Bases e.g. NaHCO3
• Sulphates e.g. ZnSO4, (NH4)2SO4,
• Oxides e.g. Ag2O, Fe2O3,Al2O3

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Flammable (F)  
Note A liquid is considered to be combustible
if it has a flash point of 37.8ºC or more, but
less than 93.3ºC, as determined by the
appropriate test method.
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Extremely Flammable (F)

• Liquids with flash points below 0ºC and boiling
  points below or equal to 35ºC (e.g. acetone,
  THF, ethyl acetate) and gaseous substances and
  preparations which are flammable in contact with
  air at ambient temperature and pressure

Flammable liquids should be stored in a well
ventilated metal cabinet (with drip trays). Use a
flammable storage cabinet or the shelf below a
chemical fume hood.

• Keep away from open fires, sources of heat and
  sparks.

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Examples F and F liquids
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   Oxidizing Agent (O)

• Examples
• Perchloric acid, chlorates and perchlorates
• Chromates, dichromates, permanganates,
  persulphates and periodates
• Nitric acid, nitrates, sodium nitrite
• Liquid oxygen and liquid air, peroxides

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Explosive (E)  

• Examples
• Chlorates, perchlorates and peroxides.
• Acetylene gas
• Ammonium nitrate.
• Trinitrtoluene

 
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Environmentally dangerous (N) substances  
                        

• Can cause environmental damage, harmful to fish,
  aquatic organisms, other animals, plants or the
  ozone layer
• Do not empty into drains

• Examples
• Pesticides, varnishes, lead and mercury
  compounds, many copper salts, CFCs

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What precautions should you take?

• Check the hazards of the particular solvents you
  use, the precautions to take when you use them
  and the procedures to follow in an emergency
  (MSDS sheets and container labels ).

• Always use a fume hood if harmful or toxic. Keep
  doors and windows open in confined spaces.
• Use breathing apparatus or chemical filters when
  dealing with poisonous or irritant substances
  outside the fume hood
• Keep protective equipment clean.

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? Avoid skin contact with solvents by wearing
suitable protective clothing (gloves, lab coat,
goggles or face shield etc).
? Use minimum amounts, use dispensers where
possible to keep evaporation to a minimum and
reduce spillage and keep lids on containers
unless contents are being poured or dipped etc.

• Always wear goggles when heating chemicals, doing
  preparative chemistry, or standing near a
  chemical reaction.

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Hand Protection

• Gloves must be resistant to the specific chemical
  with which you are working.
• For concentrated acids and alkalis or organic
  solvents, natural rubber, neoprene, or nitrile
  gloves are recommended.
• Remove gloves when opening doors, typing on
  computers or using the phone!

For handling hot objects, gloves made of
heat-resistant materials should be available and
kept near the vicinity of ovens or furnaces.
Special insulated gloves should be worn when
handling very cold objects such as liquid
Nitrogen (LN2).
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Use the correct gloves
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• Do not eat or smoke in areas where there are
  solvents.
• Wash hands thoroughly before leaving the
  laboratory area and after changing gloves.
• Never use solvents for washing the skin.
• They remove the natural protective oils from the
  skin and can cause irritation and inflammation.
• May be toxic or facilitate absorption of a toxic
  chemical.

• Keep away from naked flames as very toxic gases
  may be given off (by chlorinated solvents) and
  many solvents are flammable.

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Monitoring solvent exposure

• OLEV - Occupational Exposure Limit Values
• These are time-weighted average (TWA)
  concentrations for up to a 10-hour workday during
  a 40-hour workweek. A short-term exposure limit
  (STEL) is a 15-minute TWA exposure that should
  not be exceeded at any time during a workday. For
  example Acrylic Acid has an OLEV of 30mg/m3 over
  8 hours and 60mg/m3 over 15 minutes.
• Use value (include units) in the Code of practice
  for the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work
  (Chemical Agents) Regulations, 2001.
• If there is no value for your particular chemical
  in that document, consult the MSDS or the
  EH40/2003 Occupational exposure limits 2002
  (Published by the British HSA).

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What do you do if affected by solvents?

• Anyone who appears to have been affected by
  solvents should be taken into the fresh air
  immediately and given appropriate first-aid
  treatment.
• Heavily contaminated clothing should be removed
  as soon as possible.
• Solvent splashes should be washed off the skin
  with plenty of water and any wounds covered with
  a suitable dressing.
• Splashes of solvent in the eye should be treated
  by washing the eye with water for at least 10
  minutes before the injured person is transferred
  to hospital.

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• Your employer must
• assess the risks to your health from your use of
  solvents and the precautions necessary to protect
  it
• introduce measures to prevent you from being
  exposed to solvents or, where this is not
  reasonably practicable, ensure that your exposure
  is adequately controlled
• ensure that control measures are used, equipment
  is properly maintained and checked and procedures
  are observed
• where necessary, monitor your exposure and carry
  out appropriate health surveillance
• inform you about the risks and the precautions
  necessary to protect your health
• train you in the use of control measures and any
  protective equipment which is required.

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• You must
• co-operate with your employer
• make full use of any control measures, use the
  protective equipment provided and report any
  defective equipment where appropriate, attend
  health surveillance procedures at your workplace.
• not use any materials containing solvents unless
  the area is adequately ventilated and, where
  necessary, you are provided with suitable
  respiratory protection.
• not enter a confined space where there may be
  solvent vapours, unless your employer has ensured
  it is safe for you to do so by ventilating the
  space and testing the atmosphere, or unless
  special precautions are taken.

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Hazard Information and Packaging (for Supply)
Regulations

• All products (Substances or Preparations) that
  are classified as dangerous under the CPL
  Regulations require a hazard label which must
  include
• - The common name of the substance - Contact
  details of the manufacturer
• - An appropriate hazard warning/ danger symbol
• Standard risk (R) and safety (S) phrases
• Other label information may include procedures
  for - Proper handling - Storage - Emergency
  response

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• When more than one danger symbol is used
• the obligation to apply symbol T or T will make
  symbols C, Xn and Xi optional 
• the obligation to apply symbol C will make
  symbols Xn and Xi optional 
• the obligation to apply symbol E will make
  symbols F and O optional 
• If a preparation is classified both harmful Xn
  and irritant Xi, it will be labelled harmful Xn,
  and the irritant properties should be pointed out
  with appropriate R-phrases.
• The total amount of the substance in the
  preparation has an effect in choosing the danger
  symbols, R- and S-phrases.

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The label has to contain all of the following
Name and Address of Manufacturer
Contact Details of Manufacturer
Hazard Symbol
Xn
XYLENE
Chemical Name
Flammable (RIO), Harmful by inhalation and in
contact with the skin (R20/21),Irritating to
skin (R38)Keep out of reach of children (S2)
Avoid contact with eyes (S25)
Risk Phrases
Safety Phrases
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• N.B. If you transfer some of the chemical to
  another container you must label it with a copy
  of the original label.
• Samples
• -All samples should be properly labeled
• i) Name of chemical and solvent
• ii) Name of owner
• iii) Date
• iv) An appropriate hazard warning/ danger
  symbol
• -Old samples should be disposed of before you
  leave (or graduate)!.

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Disposal of Solvents

• There are three categories which are disposed of
  by the "waste solvent" route.
• Waste flammable solvent (Ethyl acetate, diethyl
  ether, xylene, petroleum ethers etc.)
• Waste chlorinated solvent (Chloroform,
  dichloromethane trichlorethylene etc.)
• Waste oil
• These should be stored in approved safety cans
  and sent to the HMF when they are no more than
  2/3 full.
• Solvents containing toxic or carcinogenic
  substances should also be separated.

All chemical waste must be disposed of promptly
through the Hazardous Materials Facility (HMF)
www.tcd.ie/hazardous_materials.
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• It is dangerous to mix chlorinated solvents and
  flammable solvents together.
• Examples are chloroform and acetone or methanol
  in the presence of sodium hydroxide, carbon
  tetrachloride and dimethylformamide in the
  presence of iron.
• On no account should oxidisers be added to
  flammable solvent, since there is a high risk of
  fire or explosion.
• In some cases, (for example with nitric acid)
  there will be a violent blow out of material due
  to the immediate heating effect .
• In other cases (for example with bromine and
  ethanol) there can be a delayed reaction which
  may cause the drum to rupture if it has been
  sealed before the heat is generated by the
  reaction.
• The addition of water or acids to the waste in
  the drums is also dangerous since it corrodes the
  drums, eventually causing leaks of the waste
  solvent.

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• Toxic Waste
• Never throw toxic substances or glassware into
  the waste paper bin!
• All toxic waste should be segregated and clearly
  labelled and disposed of via the HMF.
• Contaminated gloves and tissues should be
  disposed of in the same manner.
• Tissues containing large amounts of solvents
  should be vented in the fume hood
• Containers which have been emptied but which may
  contain residues of hazardous chemicals should be
  treated as hazardous.
• In cases of doubt about the degree of hazard, the
  waste should be classified as the highest hazard.
  

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Care of Equipment

• Balance
• Extremely delicate
• Always use a vessel to weigh substances in
• Avoid spillage (especially CNTs!) and clean after
  use
• NOTE Clean spatula after use also!
• Ultrasonic bath
• Fill up to 1 inch below surface
• Never leave on overnight
• Never drop things into it when switched on
• Do not place your hands into bath while
  operating!
• Do not use with conc. acid ( unless in sealed
  tube)
• Clean after use

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• Vacuum Ovens
• Get instructions on how to use
• Always use a trap and surge vessel
• Do not switch on high heat without checking what
  is inside!
• Do not leave on with door open!
• Clean after use
• Gas Cylinders
• Get instructions on how to use
• Store in a cool, well ventilated place (properly
  chained to the wall)
• Valves and screw threads should never be greased
  as this can lead to an explosion
• Cryogenic liquids
• Cold burns, wear appropriate gloves and shoes
• Asphyxiation in poorly ventilated space
• Fire danger Liquid nitrogen (b.p. -1960C)
  contains some liquid oxygen (b.p. -1820C) so
  before complete evaporation there may be a high
  of O2 left. Oxygen enrichment also occurs near
  surface.
• Risk of explosion over-pressurisation from large
  volume expansion ratio

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Liquid Nitrogen DEWAR Safety
LOCATION PL/Raman lab (75L) MI (50L) Fitzgerald
(25L) Very cold liquid -195 C Pressure can
build up inside the DEWARs
1 Vent Valve releases pressure 2 Pressure
Gauge 3 Tap for filling/ attaching to machine 4
Transfer Valve attaching to machine
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Collecting full DEWAR outside
CHECK 1 Vent Valve open 2 Pressure zero
If Vent Valve closed? Open slowly standing out
of the way of the vent ALWAYS RECHECK THE
PRESSURE
When pressure zero Wheel DEWAR indoors. Place
in lift. Put up warning chain. Take stairs to
lab.
NEVER ENTER A LIFT THAT CONTAINS A DEWAR
(full or otherwise)
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Principles of Good Chemical Practice

• Do not run in the lab
• Take care when opening and closing doors
• Read and obey signs before entering
• Never carry bottles by the neck.
• Suitable bottle carriers should be used for
  transporting Winchesters.
• Liquid chemicals should not be accompanied in the
  lift. A chain is provided to block access to the
  lift carriage, the lift with cargo is sent to
  your desired floor while the accompanying person
  should walk up.
• Large glass flasks should also be supported at
  the base as well as clamped at the neck.
• Glass tubing should always be carried in an
  upright position.

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• Avoid carrying glassware with wet hands.
• Never remove chemicals or equipment without
  asking
• Could be a hazardous substance
• Could be needed to neutralize a hazardous spill
• Always use a pipette filler when using pipettes.
• Never look into the mouth of a test-tube (or
  beaker, flask etc)
• And dont point it at anyone else!
• Do not inhale vapours when testing odours.
• Waft gently with hand.
• Never try to force a frozen ground glass joint.
• Ask an expert (e.g glass blower) for help.
• Glass ampoules
• Ampoules of volatile chemicals must be thoroughly
  cooled and wrapped in strong cloth before opening

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• Never work alone
• Unless there is someone within calling distance,
  who is aware of your presence.
• Report all accidents and breakage
• Lab Technician (breakage)
• Chief Technician (accidents)
• Safety Officer (accidents and hazards)
• Study experimental details, theory and hazards
  before starting
• Make sure you understand what you are going to
  do.
• Read safety sheets supplied with hazardous
  chemicals.
• If in doubt ASK.
• Keep a lab notebook
• Observe carefully
• Record accurately
• Cross reference all spectra

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• Keep work bench clean
• Do not clutter.
• Area should be free from scraps of paper and
  paper towels.
• Glassware should be clean and dry before use.
• Reagents and chemicals should be returned to
  their storage area immediately after use.
• Clamp all equipment and glassware and keep well
  back from the edge of the laboratory bench.
• Position apparatus thoughtfully in case you need
  to move apparatus before the entire reaction is
  completed.
• Make sure all rubber tubing is connected to tap
  and experiment with clips and that it cannot be
  pulled out of the sink.
• Grease ground glass joints or stopcocks unless a
  lubricant will contaminate the system (in which
  case Teflon sleeves can be used).
• Do not mix oil baths and change when dirty.
•  

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• If your experiment has to be left on overnight it
  must display an unattended apparatus form
• with details of special procedural hazards,
• how to terminate in an emergency and
• a contact address and phone no (24hr).
• Chemical reactions also need a usage risk
  assessment form.
• Machinery should not be left running unless it is
  safe.
• Make sure all machines have necessary guards etc.
• Never leave water funnels on overnight!

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• Clean all glassware after use
• Its easier, safer (as the nature of the
  contaminant will be known) and more considerate
  for your colleagues
• Methods
• i) Soap (e.g. Tepol, Vim)
• ii) Decon (5 aqueous solution) Particularly
  suitable for silicone oils, greases, polymeric
  residues and tars.
• iii) Acid (for metals) e.g. 6M HCl or aqua
  regia, acidic peroxide solution or chromic acid
  for stubborn residues (BUT USE WITH EXTREAM
  CAUTION!)
• iv) Base bath (for organics)
• v) Organic solvents
• vi) Ultrasonic bath
• Rinse with IPA and distilled water
• (or acetone for quick drying)

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• NoteContaminated items. Return glassware that
  contains chemicals or contamination to the
  researcher for proper disposal.Removing labels.
  When scraping labels, always brace the bottle
  against the sink so you have good control and the
  bottle doesn't slip.

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• Use a laboratory chemical hood when handling
  stockquantities of volatile hazardous chemicals
  or doing experiments which may expose you to
  chemical or toxic fumes.
• Protection is provided by room air that is drawn
  into the hood and vented to the atmosphere. The
  hood ventilation provides further protection by
  diluting the concentration of flammable gases
  below explosion limits.

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NT are classified as Irritants (Xi) and therefore
require the following hazard symbol, risk and
safety phrases and should be used with protective
equipment.

• R 36/37 Irritating to eyes and respiratory
  system.
• S26 In case of contact with eyes, rinse
  immediately with plenty of water and seek medical
  advice.
• S36 Wear suitable protective clothing.

• Be sure to wear gloves, goggles, aprons and dust
  masks.
• Provide good ventilation or use in a fume hood.
• Wash with water after contact.

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Issues in Nanotechnology Industry

• National Irish Safety Organisation/TUC Aug 2004
• Nanotechnology - the new asbestos?
• Well known that 'ultra fine' particles can
  damage human lungs e.g. Asbestos is still killing
  people 100 years on.
• NP are likely to cause damage to human lungs
  because of their size and extreme aspect ratio
  (as they can get deep into the lungs).
• They carry other chemicals including metals and
  hydrocarbons in with them, causing asthma and
  breathing problems.
• They can get into the body through the skin,
  lungs and digestive system. This may cell damage
  by the creation of free radicals.
• There is also a danger that once NP are in the
  bloodstream they will be able to cross the
  blood-brain barrier.
• The human body has developed a tolerance to most
  naturally occurring elements but it has no
  natural immunity to new substances and is more
  likely to find them toxic.

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Recommendations

• Follow MSDS for Activated carbon
• Classified as harmful (Xn)
• Risk Phrases R20 Harmful by inhalation,
  R36/37/38 Irritating to eyes, respiratory system
  and skin
• Safety Phrases S22 do not breath dust, S26 In
  case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with
  plenty of water and seek medical advice S36/37
  Wear suitable protective clothes and gloves
• Use Zero-Stat gun when handling NT
• Use PPA and respirators with HEPA (high
  efficiency particulate air) filters
• Reduce Exposure
• Production should be done within a contained
  process
• For large amounts weigh out in a glove box
• Isolate individuals
• Monitor exposure concentrations

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Dimethylformamide (DMF)

• MUTAGENIC EFFECTS Mutagenic for mammalian
  somatic cells.
• Mutagenic for bacteria

• The substance is toxic to blood, kidneys, liver,
  central nervous system

• Repeated or prolonged exposure can produce
  target organs damage

• May cause alcohol intolerance

• Special Remarks on Chronic Effects on Humans
• - Chronic exposure may affect genetic material.
• May cause adverse reproductive effects(paternal
  and maternal) and birth defects.
• - May cause cancer although evidence for cancer
  shows inadequate data.

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Dimethylacetamide (DMA)

• Toxicity data
• Toxicity experienced on rats, mouses and rabbits
• (oral, intraperitoneal, intravenous)

• The substance can be absorbed into the body by
  inhalation and
• through the skin Headache. Nausea. Vomiting.

• The substance decomposes on heating producing
  toxic fumes (nitrogen oxides)

• A harmful contamination of the air will be
  reached rather slowly on
• evaporation of this substance at 20C.

• Effects of short-term exposure
• The substance is irritating to the eyes and the
  skin

• .
• Effects of long-term or repeated exposure
• The liquid defats the skin. The substance may
  have effects on the
• central nervous system and liver.

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Gamma butyrrolactone (Liquid X)

• Causes skin irritation
• May be harmful if absorbed through the skin

• Causes eye irritation

• Very Harmful if inhaled
• Material may be irritating to mucous membranes
  and upper respiratory tract

• Toxicological properties have not been
  thoroughly investigated

• Capable of corneal injury. May develop, with
  possible permanent impairment of vision. The
  vapour is discomforting to the eyes causing pain
  and severe conjunctivitis.

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N-Methyl Pyrrolidone (NMP)

• ACUTE EFFECTS vapor or mist irritates eyes,
  mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract
  causes skin irritation prolonged exposure can
  cause stomach pains, vomiting, diarrhea.

• CHRONIC EFFECTS Overexposure may cause
  reproductive disorders based on test with lab
  animals. Target organs bone marrow, thymus,
  spleen, and lymphatic system.

• caused reduced fertility in male rats and
  increased the
• time for female rats to become pregnant. Not
  studied in humans. In one report, a worker's
  exposure to NMP during the first trimester of
  pregnancy was linked to abnormal growth of the
  fetus

• Repeated, frequent overexposure to NMP and other
  solvents over months or years can have
  long-lasting and possibly permanent effects on
  the nervous system. The symptoms of these
  long-term effects include fatigue, sleeplessness,
  poor coordination, difficulty in concentrating,
  loss of short-term memory, and personality
  changes such as depression, anxiety, and
  irritability.

• Breathing excessive amounts for a short period
  of time causes headache, nausea, dizziness,
  clumsiness, drowsiness and other effects like
  those of being drunk.

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Methanol

• Toxic by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption

• Exposure (Ingestion or Inhalation)
• may cause eye, kidney, heart and liver damage

• Chronic or substantial acute exposure may cause
  serious eye damage, including blindness

• Irritant

• Narcotic

• Prolonged or repeated skin contact may cause
  dermatitis.

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Isopropanol (IPA)

• May cause skin irritation (Prolonged and/or
  repeated contact may cause defatting of the skin
  and dermatitis)

• May cause central nervous system depression
• (headache, dizziness, etc.)

• May cause kidney damage

• May form explosive peroxides

• May cause reproductive effects based upon animal
  studies

• May cause severe eye irritation and possible
  injury (burning sensation, redness, tearing,
  inflammation, and possible corneal injury )

• Causes digestive and respiratory tract
  irritation (inhalation of vapor may cause
  respiratory tract irritation. May cause narcotic
  effects)

• Target Organs Kidneys, central nervous system.

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Ethanol

• May cause skin irritation

• May cause reproductive effects based upon animal
  studies

• May cause severe eye irritation and possible
  injury

• Chronic use can cause serious liver damage

• Causes digestive and respiratory tract
  irritation (inhalation of vapor may cause
  respiratory tract irritation. May cause narcotic
  effects)

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Acetone

• Extremely flammable liquid and vapour

• Causes irritation to the skin due to defatting
  action
• (redness, pain, drying and cracking of the skin,
  dermatitis)

• Effects central nervous system
• high concentrations can produce central nervous
  system depression, narcosis, and unconsciousness.

• Use of alcoholic beverages enhances toxic
  effects. Exposure may increase the toxic
  potential of chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as
  chloroform, trichloroethane.

• Causes irreversible irritation to respiratory
  tract
• coughing, dizziness, dullness, and headache

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Chloroform

• Causes cancer in laboratory animals
• IARC listed as a probable human carcinogen.

• Inhalation and ingestion are harmful and may be
  fatal

• May cause reproductive damage

• Irritant

• Exposure to alcohol may increase toxic effects

• Prolonged or repeated skin contact may cause
  dermatitis

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Toluene

• Toxic by inhalation, ingestion or by absorption
  through skin

• Symptoms of overexposure may include
• fatigue, confusion, headache, dizziness,
  drowsiness

• Very high concentrations may cause
  unconsciusness and death

• Serious irritant

• May affect liver, kidneys, blood system and
  central nervous system

• Exposure to alcohol may increase toxic effects

• Prolonged or repeated skin contact may cause
  dermatitis

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The final message......
You are not going to die using chemicals
... BUT you MUST be carefull and take
preacutions!!!!!!!
... FOR YOU AND THE PEOPLE AROUND YOU!!!!!
Its just common sense.......
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IF YOU DONT care of consequences..............
Just like mummy!!!
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Next Instalment

• Departmental Safety Talk
• Safety Legislation
• Chemical Regulations
• Departmental Rules
• Risk Assessment and Control
• Database/Chemical Inventory
• RA and MSDS sheets
• Hazard Labels, Risk and Safety Codes
• Storage of Chemicals
• Protection/Minimization of Risks
• Disposal Procedures
• Spill Procedures