What is Artificial Intelligence?

1

• What is Artificial Intelligence?
• Depends on your perspective...
• Philosophical a method for modeling intelligence
• Psychological a method for studying human
  cognition
• Engineering a set of methodologies for building
  complex programs

2

• Philosophical Perspective a method for modeling
  intelligence
• How do you define intelligence?
• ideal syllogisms...laws of thought...logic
• need for embodiment? mind-body duality
  (Descartes)
• physical brain required? Chinese Room experiment
• Symbol Systems Hypothesis (Simon and Newell)
• grounding, mechanization, novelty, adaptiveness,
• free will? soul? animal intelligence?
• operational definition acting intelligent
• Turing test what is the correct measuring stick?
• no contact, response characteristics, news,
  humor, gender...
• Eliza, chatter bots, Loebner prize, Deep Blue

3

• Psychological Perspective a method for studying
  human cognition
• strengths
• perception, ambiguity, interpretation
• ill-formed problems weighing multiple criteria
• judgement, common-sense, expertise
• insight, analogy, Eureka effect
• weaknesses
• calculations
• limited, selective, and maleable memory
• confirmation bias role of emotions?
• behaviorism vs. info-processing metaphor (I/O,
  internal rep)
• connection to language
• Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (verbal representations)
• concepts, intension/meaning, maps, skills,
  automation

4

• Engineering Perspective a method for building
  complex programs
• need more than just C or java (or OOP)
• search algorithms, inference techniques, methods
  for dealing with uncertainty...
• knowledge-based programming
• Feigenbaum In the knowledge is the power
• high-level programming languages, expressiveness
• expert systems, logic, McCarthy
• real-world knowledge bases, ontologies, Cyc
• intelligent agents decision-making
• control theory, cybernetics, Kalman filters
• decision theory Bayes, Markov

5

• Relationships of AI to other fields
• Economics
• rational decision-making satisficing (Simon)
• Mathematics
• computability Godels Incompleteness Theorem
  logic and number theory Leibnitz
• Neuroscience
• neural networks, Minsky
• connectionism, distributed representations,
  grounding