Marine Pollution

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Marine Pollution
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Marine Pollutants

• Petroleum hydrocarbons
• Plastics
• Pesticides
• Heavy metals
• Sewage
• Radioactive waste
• Thermal effluents

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Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Oil drums on a beach in Pulau Redang, Malaysia.
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Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge 100,000
gallons jet fuel spilled 2003.
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Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Casitas NOAA Marine debris vessel Annual
collection of 100 metric tons of debris
July 5, 2005 Debris cleanup ship grounded
7/5/2005 has aboard 30,000 gallons of diesel
fuel, 3,000 gallons of gasoline and 200 gallons
of lubricating oil
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• Exxon Valdez (1989)- Prince William Sound, Alaska
• 10 million gallons of oil spilled
• 400 miles of shore line affected
• 3 billion and 2 summers cleaning

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Spain November 19, 2002

• The Prestige a 26-year-old Bahamas-flagged
  single hulled vessel
• Sunk with 20 million gallons of viscous fuel oil
• Hundreds of miles of rugged coastline have been
  fouled by the stricken Prestige's cargo,
  destroying wildlife and wrecking the area's
  renowned fisheries and shellfish industry.

incident
sinking
Lifeboat w/ dead bird
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• Persian Gulf War (1991)
• 240 million gallons of oil spilled

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BP offshore drilling rig (Deepwater Horizon)
April 20, 2010 50 miles off Louisiana Spilling
5,000 barrels/day 200,000 gal/day
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• Containing oil spills
• Floating booms- contain oil and then pump into
  other ship
• Burning oil off
• Chemical dispersants
• Bioremediation- bacteria

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• Containing oil spills
• Hair Booms

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Relative amts of petroleum in the ocean River
runoff 31.1 Tanker operations 21.8 Coasta
l facilities 13.1 Atmospheric fallout
9.8 Natural seepage 9.8 Other
transportation activities 9.8 Tanker
accidents 3.3 Offshore petroleum
production 1.3
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Plastics

• 100,000 marine mammals 2 million sea birds die
  each year after ingesting or being trapped in
  plastic debris
• WHOI 1987 survey off N.E. coast of U.S. found
  46,000 pieces of plastic floating on surface

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North Pacific Subtropical Gyre

• Great Pacific Garbage Patch
• Estimate 46,000 pieces of floating garbage/mi2.

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North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
135 to 155W and 35 to 42N
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North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
Great Pacific Garbage Patch- Good Morning America
2010 http//www.youtube.com/watch?vuLrVCI4N67Mfe
atureplayer_embedded
http//marinedebris.noaa.gov/info/patch.html6
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Northwest Hawaiian Islands
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Laysan Island
hypersaline lake (120-140o/oo)
Large bird rookery and guano mining In 1857,
reported 800,000 birds.
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Sooty tern
Laysan albatross
Laysan finch
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Laysan Island
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Bits and pieces of plastic are collected at sea
and deposited on the Laysan Lake shoreline
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A dead Laysan Albatross chick with seven bottle
tops in its gullet. Adult Albatross feed on
flying fish eggs that the adult fish attach to
floating debris.
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2004-2007 Barbers Point
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Japan Tsunami 2011 Prediction of Marine Debris
Drifting Trajectories
Hawaii
http//www.hawaii247.com/2011/04/07/tsunami-2011-j
apan-debris-likely-to-hit-hawaii-twice/
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Pesticides Herbicides

• Designed to kill a variety of pests, such as
  mosquitoes, agricultural pests and weeds.
• Toxin enters food chain and effects non targeted
  species
• Pesticide toxicity often effects human health
  Rachael Carson- Silent Spring

Bioaccumulation ? biomagnification
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Pesticides
Halogenated hydrocarbons or organochlorines Inclu
de DDT and PCBs, which are slow to biodegrade

• Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloro-ethane (DDT)
• used as a pesticide from 1939-late 1960s
• fat soluble compound
• the worlds production has substantially
  decreased since it was banned in the West
• detected in mud of deep sea and snow ice of
  Antarctica

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• Polychloronated biphenyls (PCBs)
• produced since 1944
• banned in U.S. by 1979
• used in production of electrical equipment,
  paints, plastics, adhesives, and coating
  compounds
• found everywhere in the ocean
• released in env. by unregulated incineration of
  discarded products

• DDT PCBs affects
• copepod and oyster development
• death of shrimp and a variety of fish

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Biomagnification
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Toxic Metals
Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu Heavy metals resist
biodegradation Natural occurrence- volcanoes

• Mercury (Hg)- toxic when attached to short
  carbon-chain alkyl group, strongly neurotoxic,
  birthdefects
• Lead (Pb)- from batteries, sewage, fuel
  additives, neurotoxic effects, mental development
  in children
• Cadmium (Cd)- from batteries, sewage,
  electroplating factories, effects on human kidney
  function, bone deformities

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Heavy Metals

• Minamata Disease (1953-1960) Japan
• Industrial pollution from plastic plant dumped
  mercuric chloride into bay
• Ingestion of Hg tainted shellfish ? 43 dead and
  700 permanently disabled
• Symptoms kidney damage, neuromuscular
  deterioration, birth defects,insanity, ? ? death
• Bay is still unusable for fishing and shell
  fishing
• Surviving victims received 24,200 as settlement

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• Cu
• Tributyl tin (antifouling paint for boats)
• Banned in U.S. 1980s
• Acts as an immunosuppressor
• Accumulations unusually high in small whales
• May be associated with strandings
• Pac Baroness freighter carrying 21,000 metric
  tons of finely powdered Cu sank in 448 m in 1987
  of coast of central CA
• Tainted water detected 41km down current of wreck
• Major fishing zone for rock cod and Dover sole

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• Pb
• Leaded gasoline invented 1920s
• Enters water from automobile exhaust, runoff and
  atmospheric fallout of industrial waste and
  landfills, mines, dumps
• Leaded gas banned in US in 1980s has reduced
  pollution in ocean

Bioaccumulation ? biomagnification
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Point Source Pollution
Sewage

• Causes disease outbreaks
• Contributes to eutrophication

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6/13/2006 Raw sewage dump in Ala Wai. Beaches
Close!
48 million gallons

• Why?
• 40 straight days of rain
• 42-inch pressurized underground pipe broke during
  heavy rains

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Disease
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Sewage Discharge and Agricultural Runoff

• nutrient enrichment of coastal waters
• physiological consequences on corals
• ecological consequences
• phytoplankton bloom reduces light penetration
• benthic seaweeds overgrow and smother corals

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Nutrients and Algae Growth
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Radioactive waste
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Atomic Testing
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Atomic Testing
Coral reef at Enewetak Atoll, former nuclear test
site.
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Ocean Dumping
USSR
total gt 10 million Curies
Three Mile Island (79) 17 Curies Chernobyl
(86) 100 million Curies
Great Britain
US
Other
Switzerland
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Soviet Unions Atomic Dumping Ground
Arctic Ocean
Moscow
Russia
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Thermal Effluents
Power plants
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Non-Point Source Pollution
Constructed 1920-28 to reduce mosquitoes, but
failed.
Ala Wai
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Sediment Runoff
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Sediment Plume Entering the Ocean(Maui)
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Corals Smothered in Sediment
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Pflueger at Pilaa, Kauai 7.5 million for Clean
Water Act violations
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Types of Non-Point Source Pollution

• sediments from coastal urban and agricultural
  development
• nutrients from detergents, fertilizers, leaky
  septic tanks, and domesticated animals
• pesticides (home use, agricultural, golf
  courses)

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Types of Non-Point Source Pollution

• automobile wastes such as combusted motor oil,
  tire rubber, brake pad dust, coolant, etc.
• waste water from swimming pools and aquaculture
  ponds

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Other Wastes
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1989
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Net Damage
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French Frigate Shoals (2001)
Kure Atoll
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Sept. 28, 2007 Kamilo Beach Big Island
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Munitions Dumping
Millions of pounds of mustard gas canisters were
jettisoned into the Atlantic Ocean off New Jersey
(1964) and elsewhere. (Photo The U.S. Army)
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Munitions Dumping
1940s to 1972 off west coast of Oahu
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Inquiry

• Define bioaccumulation and biomagnification.
• Discuss the process of managing an oil spill.
• Distinguish between point source and nonpoint
  source pollution.
• What may result when eutrophication occurs?

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