Multi-Modal Radioactive Shipping

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Multi-Modal Radioactive Shipping
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Radioactive Material Production, Transportation,
and Use

• The creation, shipping, and use of radioactive
  material is highly regulated (IAEA, NRC, DOT,
  etc.).
• High activity sources can only be produced by
  sophisticated methods (e.g. reactors
  accelerators).
• High activity sources can only be obtained after
  special licensing to ensure their safe use and
  their security.
• Similar regulations exist in other countries were
  radioactive materialis produced or used.

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Shielding Requirements Limit Portability

• For sources the higher the activity, the more
  shielding you require to transport the source.

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Portable Radiography Sources

• Top strength industrial radiography sources can
  burn fingers and cause radiation sickness within
  a few minutes.
• Effects drop off dramatically with distance.
  Outside of 3 meters, acute effects rare even
  after hours of exposure.
• Sources are constructed to meet rigorous testing
  standards. A typical source is encapsulated in
  two (2) TIG welded Stainless Steel Capsules.
• Source material itself is often metal (Cobalt or
  Iridium) or embedded on non-soluble ceramics or
  microspheres to prevent inhalation of
  radioactive material if the source encapsulation
  is breached.

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High Activity Source Transportation

• Containers that ship high activity sources are
  meant to withstand very punishing accident
  conditions.

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Conclusion Radioactive Material Production,
Transportation, and Use

• High activity radioactive material is highly
  regulated.
• Industrial sources are very robust and made not
  to leak.
• When dangerous quantities are shipped, the
  material is put in a container capable of
  withstanding harsh accident conditions.
• Very high activity industrial/medical sources are
  facility based and difficult to remove.

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How Might High Activity Radioactive Material be
Misused?

• Expose people to an external source of
  radiation.
• Disperse radioactive material using conventional
  means.
• Explosively Disperse radioactive material a
  Dirty Bomb.
• Create a Nuclear Weapon (this requires special
  nuclear material)

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Potential consequences of dispersal of
radioactive material into...

• Facility ventilation systems
• Inhalation (internal) dose hazard
• Interruption of normal life
• Expensive cleanup costs
• Water supplies
• High dilution
• Individually significant doses would not likely
  result.

• The general environment (dirty bombs, crop
  dusters, fire, sprayer, etc..)
• Low likelihood of acute radiological effects
• May require population shelter or evacuation
• May be difficult to clean outdoor areas

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WHAT IS A DIRTY BOMB?

• A Dirty Bomb is conventional explosives
  combined with radioactive material with the
  intention of spreading the radioactive material
  over a relatively large area.
• This is NOT a nuclear explosion, the radioactive
  material does not enhance the explosion.
• Very few deaths would be expected from acute
  radiological exposure (the greatest hazard would
  likely be from the effects of the conventional
  explosives).
• The contamination will hamper emergency response
  efforts and can delay hospital treatment.
• Widespread contamination can deny the use of
  facilities and areas and have a significant
  psychological impact on the exposed population.

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External Exposures

• Focused radiation or localized contamination can
  result in radiation effect to specific areas on
  the body
• Whole body exposure can result from
• A passing radioactive cloud or smoke
• A large, distant point source
• Exposure from contamination deposited on the
  ground

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Internal Exposures

• Once radioactive material is deposited in the
  body, it can expose the person from within.
• The magnitude of the dose will depend on many
  factors
• How much material was deposited,
• how it got into the body (ingestion, inhalation,
  absorption, or injection),
• chemical form of the radioactive material,
• the radiation it produces,
• how quickly it decays, and
• how quickly the body eliminates the material.

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The Human Factor

• Concerns about radiation and contamination often
  produce an exaggerated emotional response.
• Cant detect it with our 5 senses
• Associated with cancer
• Reminiscent of cold war fears
• Science difficult to understand
• Out of our control
• Possible results may be
• Unexposed people saturating the medical community
• Health and economic effects from long term
  anxiety or depression in the community

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Conclusion Misuse of Radioactive Material

• High activity sources can cause health effects,
  but only to those in close proximity.
• Acute health effects from distributed radioactive
  material unlikely without prolonged,
  high-concentration exposure.
• Radiation or contamination will hinder response
  efforts.
• Denial of facilities and areas will have a major
  cost effect
• Public anxiety and its effects may be the primary
  lasting health effect.

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Radioactive Material Dangerous Goods
Transportation Traininghttp//halworld.halnet.com
/hse/hse_hes/hse_hes_resafety/hse_hes_resafety_rad
transport.asp

• Objectives
• Properly classify a package containing
  radioactive material
• Properly label and mark a radioactive materials
  package for shipment
• Properly prepare shipping documentation
• Demonstrate your ability to complete a
  radioactive materials shipment

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Definitions

• A1 and A2 values
• Cargo Aircraft
• Competent Authority
• Consignee
• Excepted Package
• Radioactive Material
• Special Form

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Radioactive Material
Radionuclide Activity Concentration for Exempt Material Bq/gm Activity Limit for an Exempt Consignment Bq/gm
Am-241 1 X 100 1 X 104
Co-57 1 X 102 1 X 106
Co-60 1 X 101 1 X 105
Cs-137 1 X 101 1 X 104
Gd-153 1 X 102 1 X 107
I-131 1 X 102 1 X 106
Ir-192 1 X 101 1 X 104
K-40 1 X 102 1 X 106
Ra-226 1 X 101 1 X 104
T(Tritium) H-3 1 X 106 1 X 109
Th-natural 1 X 100 1 X 103
U-Natural 1 X 100 1 X 103
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Package Activity Limits

• Excepted Packages
• Materials (Limited Quantity)
• Instruments and Articles - Item Limits
• Instruments and Articles - Package Limits
• Instrument and manufactured articles clock,
  electronic tube, or apparatus having radioactive
  material as a component part

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Activity Limits for Excepted Packages
Nature of contents Instruments and Articles Instruments and Articles Materials
Nature of contents Item Limits Package Limits Package Limits (RAM-Limited Quantity)
Solids Solids Solids Solids
Special Form 10-2A1 A1 10-3A1
Other Forms 10-2A2 A2 10-3A2
Liquids 10-3A2 10-1 A2 10-4A2
Gases Gases Gases Gases
Tritium H-3 2 X 10-2A2 2 X10-1 A2 2 X 10-2A2
Special Form 10-3A1 10-2 A1 10-3A1
Other Forms 10-3A2 10-2 A2 10-3A2
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Radionuclide A1 Values A2 Values RQ Values

Am-241 2 TBq (50 Ci) 0.0002 TBq (0.005 Ci) 0.00037 TBq (0.01Ci)
Co-57 8 TBq (200 Ci) 8 TBq (200 Ci) 3.7 TBq (100 Ci)
Co-60 0.4 TBq (10 Ci) 0.4 TBq (10 Ci) 0.37 TBq (10 Ci)
Cs-137 2 TBq (50 Ci) 0.5 TBq (10 Ci) 0.037 TBq (1 Ci)
Gd-153 10 TBq (200 Ci) 5 TBq (100 Ci) 0.37 TBq (10 Ci)
I-131 3 TBq (80 Ci) 0.5 TBq (10 Ci) 0.00037 TBq (0.01 Ci)
Ir-192 1 TBq (20 Ci) 0.5 TBq (10 Ci) 0.37 TBq (10 Ci)
K-40 0.6 TBq (10 Ci) 0.6 TBq (10 Ci) 0.037 TBq (1 Ci)
Ra-226 0.3 TBq (8 Ci) 0.02 TBq (0.5 Ci) 0.0037 TBq (0.1 Ci)
T(Tritium) H-3 40 TBq (1000 Ci) 40 TBq (1000 Ci) 3.7 TBq (100 Ci)
Th-natural unlimited unlimited 0.0004 TBq (0.011 Ci)
U Natural unlimited unlimited 0.0019 TBq (0.052 Ci)
RQ is the reportable quantity. US requirement. RQ is the reportable quantity. US requirement. RQ is the reportable quantity. US requirement. RQ is the reportable quantity. US requirement.
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Requirements for Packages

• General Requirements
• Easily and safely handled and transported
• Strong lifting attachments
• Free from protruding features
• Surface will not retain water
• Withstand effects of acceleration and vibration
• Physically and chemically compatible components
• Temperature range from -40o C to 55oC

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Type A Package

• Meet General Package requirements
• Smallest outside dimension gt100 mm
• Capability of installing a tamper proof seal
• Forces on tie-down attachment must not damage
  package during transport
• Temperature range -40oC to 70oC
• No loss or dispersal of material or a 20
  increase in radiation level after water spray,
  free drop, stacking, and penetration tests.

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Empty Packages

• Previously contained radioactive material
• Well maintained and securely closed
• No loose contamination
• Any labels which may have been displayed are no
  longer visible

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Category Maximum radiation level at any point on External surface Transport Index
I-WHITE Not more than 0.005mSv/hr (0.5 mrem/hr) 0 (lt 0.05)
II-YELLOW More than 0.005 mSv/hr (0.5mrem/hr) but Not more than 0.5 mSv/hr(50 mrem/hr) 0 to lt 1
III-YELLOW More than 0.5 mSv/hr(50 mrem/hr) but Not more than 2 mSv/hr(200 mrem/hr) 1 to lt 10
III-YELLOW and also Under exclusive use More than 2 mSv/hr(200 mrem/hr) but not more than 10 mSv/hr(1,000 mrem/hr) More than 10
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Shipping Labels

• Transport Index lt 0.05
• Surface lt 0.5 mr/hr

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Shipping Labels

• Transport Index lt1.0
• Surface lt50 mr/hr

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Shipping Labels

• Transport Index lt10
• Surface lt200 mr/hr

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TRANSPORT INDEX
TRANSPORT INDEX ONE METER
3.3 FEET 39 INCHES

• TRANSPORT INDEX
• The radiation level in mr/hr at one meter from
  the package surface (gamma and neutron).

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Maximum Transport Index For Total Number of
Packages On One Vehicle
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Overpack

• An enclosure that is used by a single consignor
  to provide protection or convenience in handling
  of a package or to consolidate two or more
  packages.
• Packages of radioactive material may be combined
  in an overpack for transport.
• Only the shipper is permitted to take a direct
  measurement of the radiation level to determine
  the TI.

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Special Form

• Indispersible solid or sealed capsule which meets
  the following
• Capsule can only be opened by destroying it
• Have one dimension not less than 5 mm
• Design received unilateral approval
• Demonstration of compliance with the standards
  can be done by performance, reference to previous
  tests, or calculations

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Special Form

• Subjected to impact test, percussion test,
  leaching test, volumetric leakage test, bending
  test, and heat test
• Would not break or shatter under the impact,
  percussion or bending tests
• Would not melt or disperse in the heat test
• Would not leak

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Package Markings

• Readily visible and legible
• Type A must be stamped or printed as required
• Proper shipping name
• UN Number
• Excepted packages only require UN Number
• Shipper and Consignee with addresses
• Gross mass if exceeding 50 kg

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Marking of Overpacks

• Proper shipping name
• UN number
• All labels except for the Type A package label
  that are required on the inner package must be
  reproduced on the outside of the overpack

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Package Markings

• Markings required by other international
  regulations are permitted
• In addition to the languages of the State of
  Origin, English should be used.
• Reportable Quantity (RQ) marked on package for
  shipments entering or leaving the US

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Additional Package Markings IMDG

• Requires a shippers mark be placed on the package
  or overpack initials of the company (ex HES)
  at least 2 inches in height
• Tracking number (ex the RMA number) or other
  locally generated serial number
• City of destination
• Number of packages (ex 1 of 1, 1 of 2)

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Package Labeling

• Identification of primary hazard
• Able to withstand open weather exposure
• Two labels which conform to the appropriate
  category on two opposite sides of the package or
  on the outside of all four sides of the freight
  container
• Labels must not be folded
• Labels must not overlap

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Package Labeling

• Cargo Aircraft Only label for goods transported
  into or out of US
• Category Labels must have
• Contents symbol of radionuclide mixtures as
  space permits
• Activity in Bq can have Ci in parentheses
• Transport Index for category II and III

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Placarding

• Four placards front, back and both sides
• Required for Category III in US
• May be required for all Category labels outside
  US check local rules
• Enlarged category labels may be used in place of
  placards

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Shippers Declaration for Dangerous Goods - SDDG

• Two copies completed and signed
• Proper shipping name
• Class - Radioactive Material class 7
• UN number
• Number of Packages
• Subsidiary risk
• Indication of Passenger or Cargo-Only
• Indication of Radioactive or Non-Radioactive
• Special handling information
• Indication if an overpack has been used
• Full name and address of shipper and consignee
• Airport or City of departure and destination

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SDDG

• The words Radioactive Material if not contained
  in the shipping name
• Name or symbol of Radionuclide(s)
• Activity in Bq, may have Ci in parentheses
• Description of physical and chemical or a
  notation that it is Special Form
• Competent Authority Certificate mark
• Category Label I, II, or III
• For II and III Transport Index and package
  dimensions
• Emergency contact information
• SIGNATURE certifying shipment

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Air Waybill

• Must contain a statement to indicate that
  dangerous goods are described on accompanying DGD
• When applicable, indicate Cargo Aircraft Only or
  CAO
• For Excepted Packages in the Nature and
  Quantity of Goods box list proper shipping name
  with UN number

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Additional Documentation

• Competent Authority Certificates
• Sealed Source Certificates
• Current Leak Test Certificates
• Emergency Response Guide
• Locally required transportation documents

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Proper Shipping Names

• Radioactive Material, Excepted Package, Limited
  Quantity of Material, UN2910
• Radioactive Material, Excepted Package,
  Instruments or Radioactive Material, Excepted
  Package, Articles, both UN2911
• Radioactive Material, Excepted Package, Articles
  Manufactured From Natural Uranium, Depleted
  Uranium, or Natural Thorium all UN2909
• Radioactive Material, Excepted Package, Empty
  Packaging, UN2908

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Proper Shipping Names

• Radioactive Material, Type A Package, Non-Special
  Form, Non Fissile, UN2915
• Radioactive Material, Type A Package, Special
  Form, Non Fissile, UN3332
• RQ indicated on the declaration when required
• RQ, Radioactive Material, Type A Package, Special
  Form, Non Fissile, UN3332

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• Unit Conversions for your reference
• IATA/ICAO Radioactive Checklist
• Latest revision contained in back of IATA manual
• Contained on Radiation Safety Transportation web
  page
• Recommend completing for each shipment since the
  air carrier will be using one also to check you.

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Example 1

• Isotope Co-57, Special Form
• Competent Authority Cert USA/0356/S
• 111 MBq, 3 mCi
• 1.3 kg, 3 lb
• Package box, Type A, 10X8X4 inches
• Surface dose rate 0.4 mR/hr
• Dose rate at 1 meter 40 uR/hr
• Shipped from US to Aberdeen
• Source Serial Number 740-DD

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USA/0356/S
Co-57, 111 MBq (3 mCi),one Type A Package
Radioactive Material,Type A Package, Special
Form, Non Fissile or Fissile Excepted
7
UN 3332
I White
740-DD Security Seal 33456
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Co-57
111 MBq (3 mCi)
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2 of each label on opposite sides
To HES Aberdeen From HES USA
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Example 2

• Isotope Cs-137, Special Form, USA/0508/S
• 12 mCi, 444 MBq
• Source DB-032, Densometer V3C-120
• Type A Package placed in an Overpack
• Overpack 30X30X90 cm
• Weight 68 lbs, 30.8 kg
• Radiation levels on contact 18 mR/hr at 1 meter
  0.5 mR/hr
• Ship from USA to France

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USA/0508/S
Cs-137, 444 MBq (12 mCi),one Type A Package
Radioactive Material,Type A Package, Special
Form, Non Fissile
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UN 3332
II Yellow TI0.5 DIM 30X30 X90 cm
Overpack Used
DB-032, Densometer V3C-120 Security Seal 33456
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Cs-137
444 M
12 m
0.5
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Radioactive Material, Type A Package, Special
Form, Non Fissile, UN 3332
2 of each label on opposite sides
To France From Duncan USA
Inner Packages Comply With Prescribed
Specifications
Emergency Contact Information
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Example 3

• Isotope Am241Be, 684.5 GBq, 18.5 Ci
• Special Form, GB/223/S-85
• Type A Package, 120X120X120 cm
• 91kg, 200 lbs
• Radiation levels on contact 60 mR/hr neutron
  and 27 mR/hr gamma. At 1 meter 7 mR/hr neutron
  and 1 mR/hr gamma
• Shipping from Nigeria to Mexico
• Source Serial Number SW-2240

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GB/223/S-85
Am241Be, 684.5 GBq (18.5 Ci),one Type A Package
Radioactive Material,Type A Package, Special
Form, Non Fissile or Fissile Excepted
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UN 3332
III Yellow TI8 DIM 120X120 X120 cm
SW-2240 Security Seal 33456
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Am241Be
684.5 GBq (18.5 Ci)
8
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To Mexico From Nigeria
2 of each label on opposite sides
Weight 91 kg (200 lb)
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• Exercises then Knowledge Inventory Review
• TEST