??af??e?a 1

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Title: ??af??e?a 1

1
???????????? ?????S??S? S???
????????????? ??????S????S?
(MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING)
???S????S ???????????S
??. F?S???S-??T???????S
S????S 2008
2
???????????-??F?????

G????? ??S?GOG?
??????
????????S?-T?????S
?S?F??? ???S??S?S-????????S
?????S? (??)-?????O? S??? ???

3
??F????? 1??????? 1 G????? ??S?GOG?

????????????? ? ????????????? ??????S????S? ?????
?
???S????????S ?????S ??? ?F??? S??? ???S? ??
???????????S S??? ??????? ?O? ??????????O? G??
??????S? ?????F???O? G?? ?? ??????T?
???F????? ???F??S
?????F?S
O??????
????SF????
??????????
?????????? S?????S, ??????S??, ??? ??????????
???????S? ?O? ???????O S???O? G?? ???GOG?
???????O?
?????F???O?!

4
G?OS???? ??????????? ? ??T?O????S ???S?????????S
??? ???S??? ?F????G? ? ??????S????S?

G?O?G?? ??? ???????S? ???????G??O?
????????G??
??T???????
?????G??F??
?????????G??
?S???? ??????????
?????OS? ???O?
????????/ ????????S? ????S???FO?
??S???G??
G?O??G??
????????S? ??G??O?O?
O?????G??F??

????O????G??
????????S? ?????S?S ????SF????S / O????O?
???????? ???????
???????S? ?O????S ??? ????O???O?
???????S? ??????O? ???O? / ????G?O??G??
??????? ??G? / ??????S ????????????S
???S??S ??? ???????S ??S G?S
S?????O????S ?F????G?S
G?OG??F??? S?S?????? ?????F???O? (GIS)
????F???S, ???????O???S, ??? ????!!!

6
?????????? G?? ??S G?O?G???S ???S????S ??????? ??
??????T??? ??? ?? ????G??F???

?O???? T?S? ???????G??O?
????????
??O?? ??? ????S??S? ?G???S ???????G??O?
F?S?????? S??????F??? ??O??F????S
???????
??S?S?? ?G??S??S ???S??S?S / ???F??S
T???????S?? ???F?????S
?F? / ???? ???F??O? S??????O? ???F??S

7
??????? 2 (??)-??????? ?????S? ?O? ?? ?????O?
???????? ??O ??S ???SOS??S MAXWELL
8
?????? ?O? ????O? ??S?O? ??? ??????????? ??
???SOS??S MAXWELL ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????

C ? f
C3x (m/sec) ???????? FO??S
? ????S ??????S (m)
f S???????? (Hz)
9
??T??????? ??F??S? ???S ???????? ??????S
G??????? ???O????? S??? ?-????T??S?
? k c, ? 2p f2p/T??????? S????????,k 2p/
?????????T??S
??? ????G???S - ?????S?? POYNTING

??S? ??????? ????
(
)
Z0 377 Ohm ?????????S???? ????S??S? ?????
10
?? ?????????G?????? F?S?? ????????????
S????????S ??? ??, G?G?????? ?????S ??????S,
??????????? ?OS ??S ??????? ???S????S ??????S ?
11
????S ??? ??????? ???????S ??? F?S????S ???
??????S????S? ?????F????? ????OS ?? ???????????,
?? ?????T?? ??? ?? ?????O??S

???????????
S???????? f 300MHz-300GHz
???? ??????S ? 1m-1mm
????????S????????? ???????
S???????? f 300GHz-3000GHz
???? ??????S ? 1mm-100µm
?????????S? S? ??????S
?? ?O????S ?????S??S

?????T?? (IR)

S????????S f 3-300 THz
Hz)
(1 THz
???? ??????S ? 100-1µm
?????O??S (UV)
S????????S f 750THz-30PHz
( 1PHz 1000THz )
???? ??????S ? 400-10nm
13
??????? 3 ??????S? S???O?????SF?????? ????T???

? ????SF???? ????? G????? ????F???S S??
??-?????? ????S ?O? ???????O ????T??O?
?????? 380-780 nm (IR) 1-22µm
(RF) 5mm-20m
?????????S S???S??S ????T??? ???????? S??S ?O??S
S???????O? 17-40µm ??? 330-370µm.
14
???????????S? ?? ??? ????SF????

S????S? (SCATTERING)
S????S? RAYLEIGH (Lltlt?)
(??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??S?)
S????S? ??? (L?)
??-?????????? (Lgtgt?)
(L???S??S? S?????????S SO????????)
2. ??????F?S? (ABSORPTION)

????
???G???
????????? ??? ??T????

15
???????????S? ?? ??? S????
F?S??????? S??????S??S (0c(?)1)

r(?) Reflection
t(?) Transmission
a(?) Absorption
e(?) Emission

G?? ??T? SO?? S?
T???????????? ?S??????? S? T???????S?? ?
a(?)e(?)t(?)1-r(?)
16
G?? ??T? S???? ????? G?OS?? ? F?S?????? ???
??????S?
17
??????S? ?????F???O? ?????S ???????????S ???
?F????? S???S G?????S F?S????S ?????S
18
??????? 4 T?????? ??????????? ???????? PLANCK
??????S SO????S

????? ??? ???????? ??S F?S??????S ????S?S
(SPECTRAL RADIANCE) ??S ???????????S ???????????S
??? ?? ????? SO?? S? S??????S? ?? ??? S????????

T(K) ?(C) 273.15
-34 h
6.62 x10 Joule sec S??T??? PLANCK
-23
k1.38 x 10 Joule/K S??T??? BOLTZMANN

19
???S?GG?S? RAYLEIGH-JEANS
x (hc/?kT)ltlt1 Log(L?) -4Log(?)
Log(2kcT)
20
?????, T?????? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ?????
SO?? S? T???????S?? ??0
???? s ????? ? S??T??? STEFAN-BOLTZMANN
??G?S?? ????????S-????S ????????S?S WIEN

-3 ?max TA 5.14 x 10
(m K)
21
??????? 5 ???????? S?S?????O????? ???????
S?S??????S??????S????S?S

???G? ???????S ??
???????????S
????????????S? ??
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C???????????S? ??
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D ????G??F?
???S???F?S
? ???????????-
-????G??F?
F E?????G?S??
G??????S?
?????F????S

22
???????? S?S?????O? ??????S????S?S
??? ???????? ???????? ?O? S?S?????O?
??????S????S?S ?????

1. ????G????? S?S??????
? RADARS (????G??F???
??????????? ??? ?? ????
?????????)
??T????? S?S??????
? ??????????
(????G??F??? T??????
????G????? ???????????)

23
F????S ??? ??G?T? ??????S????S?S
?????G? ?? ??? F???? ???S ?? S?S?????? ??????S????
S?S ??????SS????? S?

???G???
????????F???????
????F?????

??? S?S???? ??????S????S?S ?????????

??S? ???????????S
???????T?S????S? ???S???F?S
???OS?

24
??????? 6 ?????????? ????????? ????T??S? ???
S??S?? ??????S W
25

S??S?? ??????S W, ??? FO??????? ??? ??????? ??
???? ?????S ??????S ?, ?? ????? ??? ?F?S?????
????T??S?.
? ?????? ??S ????T??S?S ?????????? ????O S?
????F???S ????S?? S? ???S??S? ??G??????? ??S
??G?????S ???S??S?S FRESNEL,

OS?? ?? ?S???? ? ??G????? ????T??S? FRAUNHOFFER.

G?? ?? ???T?? ? ?????? ??S ????T??S?S, ???. ??
????????? ????? S?? S????? P, ?T?????????
???S ?? S????SF???S ?O? S????O? ?(y),
(-w/2ltyltw/2)

? ???????????? ?S??S ????? ?? ?????GO?? ???
??????S ??? ?????????? ??????, ???

GO????? ????S ?????? ????? ???????????S
?????S?? GO???S ??O??? ??????S??? ?S???S Q0

?T0 2sin(T0 )(2?/w)
27
?????????? ????????? S?S??????S ??????S????S?S
28

S???F?S ?? ??? ?????? ??S ????T??S?S ????? ??? ?
??G????? ????????????? ? ?????????? ?????????
???S S?S??????S ??????S????S?S.
?? ?????? ??? S?????S S1, S2 S? ???S??S? R ???
??? S?S???? ??????S????S?S ?? ?????? ?????S D
(?.?. ?? ???? ??S), ???? ????? T? ?????
??????S???? ?? ? GO????? ???S ???S??S? ?????
??G??????? ??? GO?????? ?????S ?O? ???O?
????T??S?S ??? S????????????!

?T ?T0 (2?/D)

??S? ?????? ??? ??? ?O???? ?????????? ?????????
???S
S?S??????S ??????S????S?S ? ??? ?????S??
???S??S?
S??? ????? ?????? ?? ???S?????? ??? S????? G??
??
??????? ?? G????? ?????????? ??O ?? S?S????, OS

?R0 R ?T0 R(2?/D)
29
??????? 7 ??????S

??????? ??? ??????????
??????S????? ??????? S?
??-?????? ??? ???????????
????T??? S??? ?O??, ????
??? ????S???FOS!
????????S ???S ????S ??????S
1. ????S ????? ??????????
?????????
???????S ?????
?????T??????????

30
????????? ??G?T? ??? ?F????? S? ??? ??????

????S??S? ???????????S
??S ??????S

????????????????
???G????? ??????
???????????S

?? ???????????????? ???G????? ???????????S ?????
?????????? ??S ?S???S ??? ?????? ??? ??S
???S??S?S ??? ??? S????!
??? ????? ??S ???S????S ??? ?????? ????? S??
???G????? ???????????S ????? ? GO??? ???S???S
?S???S ??? ? GO??? ??O??? ??????S??? ??? ??????
???????????S
THPBW (1/2) T0
GO????? ????G?? ??????S (sterad)

?????T?????????? ??????S (dBi)

D(4p/ O? ) 1
(? ?S???????? ?????? ???? D1, ???
?????T??????????)
32
??F????? 2 RADARS ??????? 8 ??S?GOG? S??
RADARS
???O????? ?O? ??O?
RADIO DETECTION AND RANGING
????????????S? ??? ??????S??S
????? ??S????(!) ?? ??????????T?? ? ???S???????
??? ?? ?F????G?S ?O? ?????? S? ???S?????????S

????????S-????????S
S?????O????S

33
(No Transcript)
34
??S??? ?????? ???G????? ??????

?????? T/R
???????S/????S ME
??????????? ????????
??????OS?S ???????G??S
?????S ??? ????????
S??? ??? ?????S ???
???????? ???S???F?
? ???? ???G????? ??????
S? ????????-????????S??
????? ??? S?????S ???
?????????? ???G?????
S??? ???????? G??
S?S????S?

35
????G????S ?????? ??? T? ??????T???

??????? ??????
DOPPLER-RADAR
FM-CW-RADAR
SLAR-RADAR
SAR-RADAR

36
??????? ??????
37
?????-???G????? ???????? ??????

? ?????S??S ????G?? ????????? ?????S????
???G??S?S ??? ???G????? S??? ??????FO??, S???
???G? ??????S G?? ??T???G?S? ??? S??? ??????
???????? G?? S?S????S?
? ??????FO??S ????G?? ??????S ?????S ?S???S ????O
S??? RF-S???????? ??? ??????, ?? ?????? ???
???????????
? ??O ??? ??? S???? ???G????? S? ??????S????
??????? T??????, ??? ???? S??? ?????? ???S ?????,
???? ??? ???S?G???? ?????S ??????? ??????O??
? ?????S S??? IF-??????? (300-3000 KHz) ???G?????
???? S? IF-???S????, S? ????????? ????
????O??????? ? ??????????S? ??? S?????S (S????S),
S? VIDEO-???S???? ??? ?????? S??? ????????

38
??T??????? ???????? ?????? S???????

?? Ptr (t) ????? ? ???????????S ?????S ???
??????? S???????S S????S S? ???S??S? R, ???? ?
???S???F? T? ?????

?? ?????? ?????????? S???? (R1RR2) ???? ?
???S???F? T? ?????

???? B(R)??????S? ??????????? S?????!
39
???????G??

?? Ptr(t)Au(tt/2)-u(t-t/2) ?????
? ???????????S ?????S
??? B(R)B0 u(R-R1)-u(R-R2)
????? ? ??????S? ??? S?????
T? ?????G?S???? ???
???S???F? S?? ??????

??O u(t)????????
S??????S?, ??? ?S????

40
??????S? Pr (t)AB0 f1 u(f1)-f2 u(f2)-f3
u(f3)f4 u(f4)
???? t?0 ????????? ?? ???T??? S???? ???
S?????! ??S????S! ??????? ????? ?S?? ???????S!
41
??????? 9 ?????? S??????S ??????SDOPPLER
??????

???S?????S??S
????????S S?????
??SO ??? F?????????
DOPPLER

f c S???????? ???????S
F????-??G?S

f c f D F???????? S???????? ????????? ??SO
S???
??G? ???? ??? ??????S? S??? ????????? S????

42
?????-???G????? DOPPLER ??????

?????S ????????
S?????S ???? f c
? ???S???F? ????
S???????? f c f D
?? ??? S????????S
???G?????? S?
?????? ???
?????????? ?
???F??? ???S
?? S?????????
???S??????????
? ???????? ???
S?????

43
FM-CW-RADAR

??????? S??????S (CW)
??????S ?? ?????????
S???????? G?? ????S? ??S
???S??S?S R, S?????!

????????? S????????
???????S f S?? ???S????
f1,f2, ?? ???GO???? S??OS?
??? ?????S ?(f2-f1).

???S?????S??S ???S??S?S ??SO ??S, S??G?????
?????????S, F????????S ???F???S S????????S
??????
???????????? ??? ???????????? S?????S.

? ???????????
S???????? S??O???
?? ????S f1,f2,
?? ??????? ?R .
? ???S???F?????
S???????? ????
??T?S????S?
t (OA) (2R/c).
? F????????
???F??? ?f R (AB)
?????G?????? ???
??? ???S? ??S
??T???S

45
?????-???G????? FM ??????
? S??G????? ????????? ???F??? S????????S ?f R
, ?????? ????S ??? ?????????? f T , ??? ????S
??? ???S???F?? f R , ????????? S??? ?????
?????? ?, OS ? ???F??? ???S.
46
?????S ????G????S ??????

?????? ????????S?S
?????G??F?S?-?????????T?S? S???O? ??TOS ???
F?S??O? ????????O? ??? ???S ?F?????.
S????S??????
???????S? S???O? G?? ??T??????S? ???O?
S?S?????O? ??????S????S?S, ??SO ????G??F?S ??S
S??????F???S S???O?.
3. ??????????S

47
??????? 10 ?????? ????????S?SSLAR-RADAR
48
SIDE-LOOKING AIRBORNE RADAR????????-?????????
??????? ??????

???????S F????S ?????? S? ???S H, ??? ?????????
???G?? S? GO??? T, ??? S? ???G?? ???S??S? R.
????F???? ?????? ?????S L, ??? ???????? S? ????S
??????S ?, ????????????? ???????????,
??????FO???? ???? ?????S ??O ??????S ??????S,
???????S ????????S t, ??? ?? S???????? ?????????S
fPRF.
?? FO???????? ????? ??? S?????, ???????? ????S ?
PIXEL ??? ? ???S???F? ????G??F???? G?? ??? ??
????, ???? ????S ??S FO????????S ?O????S ???
???F??S.
?? ????S (??)r????????S ???S??S? ?
????????????? ??? ?? ????S (BC)rE?G???S??
???S??S? ?????S, ????S?????.

49
????????????? ??? ??G?S?? ???S??S? ?SF????S
???????S?S

? ?????? ????G?? ????
???????????S ?? GO?????
????S ß(?/L), ??? S? ???G??
???S??S? R(H/cosT), ?? ????S
?I??? r?.

G?? ?? ??? ??????? ?S?F???
OS ???S ??? ???S??S? ???
S?????, ?????? ? ??O ??? ???
????? ?? ???S??????, ??????
?????FT?? ? ???????S! ????
?????? RRMAX

50
?G???S?? ?????????????

??GO ???
F????????? ??S
????OS?S ???
??????, ???? ???
??????S? ???, ?
??G?S?? ???? ???
?????S (BC)ct/2.
???, ??? ?????? ??
???? ????
???S?GG?S? ?????
(BC) - (AC), ??????
(??)(BC)/sin(T).

51
???????G??

?S?O H5Km, R30Km, ?? ???S ???S?S ??? ? ???G??
???S??S? ???????S?S ???S SLAR ??????, ?? ??????
?????S L5m, S???????? ?????????????S
???????????S ?3GHz. ?? ?????? ????? ???????
???????? t 1µsec, ??? S???????? ?????????S
????O? f PRF 1000pps. ????

r? 600m
rE 150m
Rmax 150Km

? ???????S ????????????? ????? ??????????
??G???!
?????OS? ?????G??????? ?? ?? SAR RADAR!

52
SAR-RADAR
???O????? ?O? ??O? SYNTHETIC APPERTURE
RADAR
?????? S??T?????? ???F??G????S
???????S F????S ???????? ??? ???????? S???? ?,
G?? ????S (LS)(Y1 Y N ), ??????? ?S? ?? ????G??
??? ????? ???????????S,
S??? ???S??S? ???H R. ?? ?????S ????S
S????T????? S? F?S? ??? ??S? ?????G???????
???S?????? S??????!
53
?? LS ???????? ????S ??? S??T?????? ???F??G????S

??S? ??O ?????? ?????? ?? F?S??? ????S L ltlt LS ,
S??? ???G??????????, S??T??????S ??S ?????S S?
F?S? , ???????????? ????????????? ??? ????S??????
S? ?????? ?? ???? ??G??????? ????S!
T?O?????? ????????????? G?? ?? ??G?????
??-?S???S???? SAR ?????? ?????

?Y (L /2)

S??? ???G?????????? ????? ?????? ?? ??G?????
?S???S???? SAR ?????? ???

1/2 ?? (2 ? R)
54
???????G??

?S?O H5Km, R30Km, ?? ???S ???S?S ??? ? ???G??
???S??S? ???????S?S ???S SLAR ??????, ?? ??????
?????S L5m, S???????? ?????????????S
???????????S ?3GHz. ?? ?????? ????? ???????
???????? t 1µsec, ??? S???????? ?????????S
????O? f PRF 1000pps. ????

r? (SLAR) 600 m
r? (SAR) 77.46m

????? F????? ? ?????OS? ??GO ??? ??? S?? SAR H
????????????? ???????????? S?? ???? ??? R
??? ???
G??????? OS ???S ?? R!

55
(No Transcript)
56
?S???S? S?????????????S

S???F?S ?? ?? SAR
???? ??? ? ??????
??S ?S???S????S
S?????????????S
?-?? ???T?S
??????S, S????????
?? S????? P, S?
GO??? (T), ???
??S?GO???S
?????????S ???F???S
F?S?S S??? ?T???S??,
?????? ?S???S? ??S!
?????OS?
?????????????S!
????S ?????? ?????

(?T1/2 )(? /Nd)
57
??????? 11 ???????????-??????????

????G??F? ??S T?????? ???????????S ?????????????S
???????????S ??? S?????S S? F?S??? T???????S??
??0.
????G??F? ??S T???????S??S ??????????S ??? S?????
?b e ?, ???? e ?????????????? ( emissivity )
??? S?????.
???????????? T???????S?? ?????????S?S
??????S??S? ???? T???????S??S ??????????S
????????????S S????S (dO? sin?d?df)
TA ( 1/O? )? ?b (? ,f)dO?
???S??? ???????G?? ??????????? ?I??? ?
SSM/I (SPECIAL SENSOR MICROWAVE IMAGER) ???
????F?????? ??? ???

58
DEFENCE METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE PROGRAM
DMSP
59
???????????? ???????S? ????????S ????O?
60
???????????? ???????S? ???????OS?O?
61
????ST?S??-????????????? ???????????

?? ?? ???????????? T???????S?? ??S ??????S ???
?? ?SYS ????G?S T???????S?? T?????? ,??? ?????
??S ?S???S T?????? ??? ????????? ?? S?S????

PN k TSYS ?f

?? ??????????? ? S????S G?? ????? ?t, S?
F?S??????
????S ?f, ???? T?O?????? ??? G??????
???G?????????
?? ???T?S ???G???O? ? ?t ?f. ? ????ST?S??
T? ?????

1/2 (??) (TA TSYS ) / N
62
??F????? 3 ??????? 12 ????????S?-T?????S

? ????ST?S?? ???S S?S??????S ??????S????S?S
????????? ??? ?? ??????? T?????? ???
????????????S ??? ??? ?????????? ????????? ???
?????. G?? ??? ????S? ??? ??????? S?????T????????
??G?? S??? ????? ??? ?????, ?????????? ??
??????T?? ?

???SOS? ??????
63
????

Pr ???S???F????? ?S??S (Watts)
Pt ??????????? ?S??S (Watts)
2
A ????G?S ???F????? ??????S (m )
2
G ?????S ??????S T/R, G 4p (?/ ? )
R ???S??S? ??????-S????? (m)
2
sb ????G?S ??????? S????? (m )
L S??????S??S ????O? ??O???O?, L1

64
S?????T??????? S??S? S??? ????? ?????

?????S
o
i

?? ????S???? ????OS ? T?????S, ?? ???S??S? ???
???????????? S?????S, T? ?????? ?????? ?????S?.
G????? ??OS ?????????? ??? ?????S F???O???? ??
OF????? S??? ?? T?????!

? S??????S??S T?????? ??? ?????, F1, ????G??F??
??? ???ST??? ?S?? T?????? ??? ????? F???O???
S?? OF????? S???, ? ?????S!

?o , ?i ?S??S T?????? ??????-??S???? ?????
S0 , Si OF????? ?S??S S?????S ??????-??S????
T0 290 ?, T???????S?? ???F???S
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66
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S???????? ????????S?S ??????S
67

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68
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71
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73

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74
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75
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76
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77
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79
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81
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82
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83
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84
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88
S??????S? ?S?F???S ???S??S?S

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90
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91
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92
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94

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S??T??? S??????S? ?S?F???S ???S??S?S-????????S

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97
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99
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100
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(s/?e)gtgt1. ???? T? ??????
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101
G????? ??????OS?
???? tand(s/?e) ????? ? ?F???????? ??O???O?!
102
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103

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104

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105

??GO ?O? ???SOS?O? MAXWELL, EXOYME THN S???????
?O? ??T??O? S???S?OSO? ?O? (D,B) ??? ?O?
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106
(No Transcript)
107
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