Techniques for Reading English Business Texts

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Techniques for Reading English Business Texts
?.?????? ???????????? Athidej
Indrambarya Faculty of Business
Administration Ramkhamhaeng University Mobile
08-1855-7070 E-mail i_athidej_at_ru.ac.th
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Course Description
An application of communicative grammar,
discourse analysis and functions of informational
structures for planning and teaching appropriate
reading techniques in order to guide students and
give them practice in reading comprehensively
various types of advanced business materials,
publications, and textbooks.
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Course Description
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Essential Elements for Effective Reading and
Comprehension
- Reading Technique ????????????? - Content
Structure ???????????????? - Context
Clue ??????????????? - Grammar
Structure ???????????? - Vocabulary ?????????????
????
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English Language
English has become the first global lingua franca
since the 20th century as the requirement of
international language. It is probably the third
largest language by the number of native
speakers, after Chinese and Hindi (or
Spanish). It is the primary language in 35
countries, approximate 500 million people speak
English as the first language. (e.g. United
States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia,
Nigeria, Ireland, South Africa, New Zealand and
Singapore)
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English Language
English is also used extensively as a second and
an official language in European Union,
Commonwealth countries and international
organisations in more than 50 countries, and up
to over one billion people all over the
world. (e.g. Cameroon, Ghana, India, Kenya,
Pakistan, Philippine, Sri Lanka, Swaziland and
Zimbabwe) (e.g. Bangladesh, Brunei, Malaysia,
United Arab Emirates and Hong Kong)
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English Language
English is the most often studied as a foreign
language all over the world. In the EU, 89 of
students study English, followed by French (32),
German (18), Spanish (8) and Russian. It also
is the most commonly used language in the arts
and sciences. Approximately 95 of articles and
journals were written in English, and only 50
came from authors in English-speaking countries.
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English Language
Two major types of English that have been used
officially - British English BRIT,
BrE - American English AM, AmE English has been
influenced on language shift and death by other
community languages. It is possibly caused a
non-standard variation and imperfection form of
English. (e.g. Spanlish, Engrish, Singlish
Chinglish and Tinglish / Thailish)
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British VS American English
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British VS American English
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British VS American English
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British VS American English
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Comprehensive Reading
Reading is a complex cognitive process of
decoding and interpreting symbols for the
intention of deriving and constructing meaning,
and extracting the meaning from the visual
notations. It is a mean of language acquisition,
communication, and sharing information and ideas.
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Comprehensive Reading
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Reading Technique
Skimming - ????????????????????? ????????????????
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Reading Technique
Scanning - ????????????????????????????
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????????
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Reading Technique
SQ3R - S Survey ????? ????????????????
? Q Question ?????? ???????????????????????
R Read ??????? ??????????????????? R Recite
??????? ?????????????????? R Review ?????? ???
???????????????
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Reading Technique in Practice
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??????????????????? ?????????????????????? 5
?????? 1. ????????????????????
????????????????????????????? 2. ?????????????????
?????????????????????????????????? 3. ????????????
??????????????????????? ?????????????
?? 4. ???????????????????????????????
???????????????????????? 5. ??????????????????????
??????????????????????????
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Reading Technique in Practice
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Content Structure
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Content Structure
1. Introduction ???? 2. Main
Content ??????????? 3. Supporting and
Detail ????????????????????????? 4. Conclusion
??????
Introduction
Main Content
Supporting and Detail
Conclusion
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Major Pattern of Content
1. ??????????????????? Analytical 2. ???????????
????? Descriptive 3. ????????????????????????????
???? Comparative and Contrary 4. ??????????????
? Analogous 5. ??????????????? Definitive
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Analytical e.g.
Modern man, in spite of his superior scientific
knowledge, often seems as superstitious as his
ancestors. Astrology is a half-billion-dollar
business. Intelligent persons still believe that
lines in their palm or the arrangement of tea
leaves in a cup predict the future. Airplanes do
not have a row of seats numbered 13, and
buildings omit a thirteenth floor. Black cats,
broken mirrors, and spilled salt create fear and
anxiety in many people. And ouija boards continue
to be a popular pastime.
(Yorkey, 1970101 ?????? ???????????, 200245)
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Descriptive e.g.
An octopus appears to be just a huge head with
eight long, fearful arms. Its head is soft and
rubberlike. Its eyes stick out on stalks so that
it can see in all directions. Its mouth is on the
underside of its body and his powerful jaws
shaped like a beak. The long arms, or tentacles,
have double rows of suckers. These can fasten
onto objects with such suction that they cannot
be pulled off.
(Yorkey, 1970102 ?????? ???????????, 200246)
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Comparative and Contrary e.g.
There are two kinds of elephants the African
and the Indian. The African elephant is larger
and darker it also has larger ears and a more
sloping forehead. Both can be tamed, but the
Indian elephant is more easily trained to do
work. When an African elephant sleeps it usually
stands up but its Indian cousin usually sleeps
lying down.
(Yorkey, 1970103-104 ?????? ???????????, 200246)
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Analogous e.g.
Teaching is in some respects like farming. Just
as the farmer must prepare his soil before he can
plant seed, so the teacher must prepare the
student minds for the reception of ideas before
he can introduce them. If the farmer has prepared
his soil carefully and taken care of his crop, he
may collect a rich harvest. A teacher may also
collect his harvest in well-stocked, logically
functioning student mind. But just as drought and
flood can destroy the farmers efforts, so too
can the cold of public disinterest or fear
destroy the teachers.
(???????????, 2002 46)
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Definitive e.g.
A pupil is one who is under the close supervision
of a teacher, either because of his youth or
because of specialisation in some branch of
study. In England pupil is used to describe one
in school, which means up through public schools
or secondary schools, equivalent to American high
schools. In America pupil is now usually
restricted to one who is in an elementary school.
Those called pupils regardless of age because of
their specialisation in some branch of study are
designated by the subject they are studying.
(???????????, 2002 46)
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Other Pattern of Content
1. ???????????????? Explanative 2. ?????????????
???? Expositive 3. ???????????????????? Narrative
4. ???????????????? Persuasive 5. ?????????????
???? Argumentative
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Unit 1
Communication
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Communication
The systems and processes that are used to
communicate or broadcast information.
Communicate (v) Communicator (n) Communication
(n) Communicative (adj)
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Im studying English
- for my work or studies. - so I can read foreign
magazines and newspaper. - so I can use it as an
international language when I travel. - so I can
communicate with foreign visitors to my
country. - so I can use email / chat online. - so
I can surf the Internet and read
websites. - because I have to. - for other
reasons.
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Exercise 1 p6
1. This website takes a long time to download.
2. Would you like her mobile number?
3. His line is still busy.
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Exercise 1 p6
4. Your fax isnt very clear.
5. Id like t speak to Gemma, please.
6. Shall I print this letter and post it?
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Vocabulary
Common (adj) Someone or something is of the
ordinary kind and not special in any way. Course
(n) A series of action, lesson or lectures on a
particular subject. Fluent (adj) An ability to
speak a particular language easily and
correctly. Knowledge (n) Information and
understanding about a subject which a person
has, or which all people have.
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Vocabulary
Native (adj) A particular country or region where
someone was born and brought up. Official
(adj) Approval by the government or used by a
person in authority as part of their job. Skill
(n) The knowledge and ability that enables to
do a type of work or activity. Training (n) The
process of learning the skills that need for a
particular job or activity.
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Vocabulary
Interpret (v) A meaning or significance of
something in a particular way, or translate
into other languages. Frustrate (v) Upsets or
angers because unable to do anything about the
problems that created. Specialist (n) A person
who has a particular skill or knows a lot about
a particular subject. Salutation (n) Greeting or
showing respect with a formal sign.
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Exercise 4 p7
1. If you improve your language , youll be
able to get a better job.
2. Even though Lena is completely in
English, she still has a strong Russian accent.
3. SVtech is a Swedish multinational whose
language is English.
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Exercise 4 p7
4. Have you ever thought of doing an evening
after work.
5. My firm hopes to do more business abroad, so
plan to introduce language for all its
staff.
6. She has a good working of Chinese and
communicates easily in everyday situations.
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Exercise 4 p7
7. Someone who is a speaker, speakers a
language as their mother tongue.
8. Heinrich is German and Stella is from
Argentina fortunately, they have French as a
language.
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Tense
??? ??? ??????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????? 1.
Present Tense ???????? - Simple ?????? 2. Past
Tense ???? - Continuous ????????? 3. Future
Tense ????? - Perfect ??????? - Perfect
continuous ????????????????
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Exercise 1, 2 p9
a. AC takes great care to respond to the
cultural requirements of its customers. b. She
listened to Italian while she was driving. c. AC
Exports has seen its annual export sales rise by
40 since it improved its foreign language
skills. d. She says shes going to have a working
knowledge of German by Christmas.
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Exercise 1, 2 p9
e. One small company was successful after it had
taught its staff to speak foreign
languages. f. In the four weeks before she took
up her new post, she tried to improve her
Italian. g. Shes teaching Spanish to senior
staff. h. Now they are all quite confident that
export sales will continue to rise.
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Unit 2
Career
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Career
The job or profession that someone does for a
long period of their life. The part of life that
spend on working
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Exercise 1 p14
1. Theyve sent me an form. PLITACAIIOPN
2. They want two written they suggest an
employer and a teacher. EFEERRNCES
3. We, theyve invited me for an next week.
Can I borrow your suit? ITEWRVNIE
4. The job offers a of 25,000 a year.
SARAYL
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Exercise 1 p14
5. His academic are good but he doesnt
have any previous . UALIIOFQCATSN/PEEERINCEX
6. Employers are interested in practical
like word-processing and fluency in languages.
SLKLSI
7. In Britain, the normal working week for
-time employees is up to 18 hours a week,
while people working -time do around 38
hours. PATR/LULF
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Exercise 1 p14
8. Officially, she works 35 hours a week but
sometime with she does as many as 50.
VEOTIMRE
9. Now she works from home, she doesnt have to
by train to and from London everyday. CMMOTUE
10.Nowadays many designers or information
technology workers are that is, they sell
their work or services to different
organisations. ERLENAEFC
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Vocabulary
Application (n) A formal written request for job
or membership of an organisation. Commute
(v) Travel a long distance every day
between home and workplace. Experience
(n) knowledge or skill in a particular job or
activity, which have gained by doing that for a
long time. Freelance (n) Who is not employed by
one organisation, but is paid for each work they
do by who they do it for.
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Vocabulary
Interview (n) A formal meeting that is to find
out if someone are suitable for a job or a
course of study. Qualification (n) The act of
passing the examinations that need to work in a
particular profession. Salary (n) Money that is
paid each month by an employer, especially when
in a profession . Skill (n) Knowledge and ability
that enables to do work or activity which
requires special training.
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Exercise 2, 3 p15
1. They are laying off 300 worker
lay off -
2. She turned down the job after
turn down -
3. She has set up her own
set up -
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Exercise 2, 3 p15
4. Dont forget to put down
put down -
5. Should I fill in this form
fill in -
6. We generally take on extra staff
take on -
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Vocabulary
Consultant (n) A person who gives expert advice
to a person or organisation on a particular
subject.. Deprive (n) Take something from
someone, or prevent them from having
it. Reduction (n) the act of making something
smaller in size or amount, or less in
degree.. Sacrifice (v) Give up something very
valuable or important to obtain something else
for yourself or others.
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Present Simple
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??????????????? ????????????????????
????????????????????????????? ????????????????????
?????????????????????? Subject
V.1 Passive Subject V. to be V.3
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Present Continuous
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????? ???????????????????
????????????????????? ????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????? Subject V. to
be V.ing Passive Subject V. to be being
V.3
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Present Perfect
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????? ???????????????? ??????????????????????
?????????????????????? ???????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????? Subject V.
to have V.3 Passive Subject V. to have
been V.3
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Present Perfect Continuous
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????? ???????????????? ??????????????????????
?????????????????????? ????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??? Subject V. to have been
V.ing Passive Subject V. to have been
being V.3
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Exercise 1 p17
1. A regular occurrence or routine.
2. Something currently in progress.
3. A future personal arrangement.
4. A simple, scientific fact.
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Exercise 2 p17
1. Im not sure that he in this company.
2. It me ages to finish the report. Ill
have to work late again.
3. How much a month.
4. I cant come this evening I Tony to the
airport.
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Exercise 2 p17
5. I of looking for a job outside London.
6. Hey, what in my desk?
7. Good news, our sales .
8. I a difficult time at work we
three people off sick.
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Exercise 1 p19
a. Basic facts about you.
b. Practical abilities.
c. Where you live most of the time.
d. What you do in your free time.
e. When you were born.
f. Mr, Mrs, Ms or Dr
61
Exercise 1 p19
g. Details about your working life.
h. If you are married or single.
i. People who can tell about your qualities and
character
j. Proof that you have completed a course.
k. School and colleges
l. Family name
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Context Clue
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Type of Context Clue
1. Definition Type ??????????????? 2. Example
Type ??????????????? 3. Restatement
Type ????????????????? 4. Comparison and
Contrast Type ????????????????????????? 5. Caus
e and Effect Relationship Type ?????????????????
???????????
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Definition Type
???????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????
(synonym) ???????????????? ???????????????
???????????? ?????????????????????????????????????
??? ???????????????????????????????????????????
(antonym)
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Definition Type - Clues
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Definition Type - e.g.
A premise is a statement of the relationship
between a cause and a consequence.
premise
???????????????????????????????????
context clue
is
definition
a statement of ...
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Definition Type - e.g.
People who study the stars are called astronomers.
astronomer
?????????????
context clue
are called
definition
people who study the stars
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Example Type
???????????????????????????????????????????
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?????? ?????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????
(punctuation) ???? ?
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Example Type - Clues
e.g. exampli gratia
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Example Type - e.g.
There are many popular avocations, such as
jogging, tennis, or stamp collecting.
avocation
????????? (hobby)
context clue
such as
example
jogging, tennis, stamp collecting
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Example Type - e.g.
When you arrange the condiment shelf, put the
salt and pepper next to the paprika.
condiment
????????????? (seasoning)
context clue
, (comma)
example
salt, pepper, paprika
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Restatement Type
???????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
? ???????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????
(punctuation) ???? ?
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Restatement Type - Clues
i.e. id est
74
Restatement Type - e.g.
You can take an escalator, or a moving
staircases, to go down to the ground floor.
escalator
???????????
context clue
or
restatement
a moving staircases
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Restatement Type - e.g.
These two circles are concentric. In other words,
they have the same centre.
concentric
???????????????????? / ???????
context clue
in other words
restatement
have the same centre
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Comparison and Contrast
???????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????? 2 ????
???????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????
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Comparison and Contrast - Clues
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Comparison and Contrast - e.g.
An elephant is immense, comparing to a mouse.
immense
?????? / ??????
context clue
comparing to
comparison
mouse small
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Comparison and Contrast - e.g.
Peter is voluble while his brother, Victor, is
quiet.
voluble
?????? (talkative)
context clue
while
contrast
quiet
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Cause and Effect Relationship
???????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??? ????????????????????????????????????
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Cause and Effect - Clues
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Cause and Effect - e.g.
Knowing that a snake was in the room causes a
great commotion in the meeting.
commotion
?????????????????
context clue
cause
cause
knowing that a snake was in the room
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Cause and Effect - e.g.
The workers demolished the old building, thus a
condominium could be built.
demolish
???? / ?????
context clue
thus
effect
a condominium could be built
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Unit 3
Employment
85
Employment
The fact of employing someone, or having a paid
job.
Employ (v) Employer (n) Employee (n) Employment
(n) Employable (adj)
86
Vocabulary
Ambitious (adj) Strong desire to be successful,
rich or powerful. Bored (adj) Feel tired and
impatient because have lost interest in
something or have nothing to do. Challenging
(adj) Something new and difficult which
requires great effort and determination. Confiden
t (adj) Something you is certain that it will
happen in the way you want it to.
87
Vocabulary
Conscientious (adj) Very careful to do work
properly. Creative (adj) The ability to invent
and develop original ideas, especially in the
arts. Dynamic (adj) Full of energy or full of new
and exciting ideas, very active and
energetic. Enthusiastic (adj) Express the way in
which like or enjoy something by the way that
behave and talk.
88
Vocabulary
Flexible (adj) Able to change easily and adapt to
different conditions and circumstances as they
occur. Patient (adj) Stay calm and do not get
annoyed. Reliable (adj) Can be trusted to work
well or to behave in the way that want
to. Secure (adj) Fixed firmly in position and
certain not to change or end.
89
Vocabulary
Stressful (adj) Situation or experience is
stressful, it causes the person involved to feel
stress.. Trustworthy (adj) Reliable, responsible,
and can be trusted completely. Worthwhile
(adj) Enjoyable or useful, and worth the time,
money, or effort that is spent on it..
90
Exercise 1 p22
challenging secure stressful worthwhile
ambitious confident conscientious dynamic ent
husiastic patient reliable trustworthy
boring creative flexible
91
Exercise 2 p23
a. The new factory has provided opportunities of
for local people.
b. Beatrice won the of the month prize
three times last year.
c. She has been ever since she finished
her studies she just cant find a job.
92
Exercise 2 p23
d. People are worried about the rise in .
e. The company is a model and takes good
care of the people in its factories.
f. He is dishonest, lazy, and stupid hes
completely .
93
Past Simple
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????? ?????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????? ???????????????????
????????????????????? Subject
V.2 Passive Subject was / were V.3
94
Past Continuous
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????? ?????????? 2
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????? past simple ???? past cont.
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
Subject was / were V.ing Passive Subjec
t was / were being V.3
95
Past Perfect
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????? 2 ???????????????????????????
??????????? ??????????????????????? past perfect
??????????????????????????? past simple Subject
had V.3 Passive Subject had been V.3
96
Past Perfect Continuous
?????????????????????????? past perfect
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????? ????????????????????????????????????
???????????????? ????????? past simple
??????? Subject had been
V.ing Passive Subject had been being V.3
97
Exercise 1 p25
1. Happen at an indefinite time in the past.
2. Started and finished at a specified, definite
time in the past.
3. Started in the past with a continuation or
result in the present.
98
Exercise 5 p25
1. How long have you here?
2. How much holiday have you this year?
3. Ive the invoice three times but they
still havent paid.
4. Ive to get through all day but the
number is always engaged.
5. Its a successful business theyve
eighty branches in the last three year.
99
Unit 4
Import Export
100
Import Export
Buy products or raw materials from another
country. Sell products or raw materials to
another country.
Import (v) Export (v) Importer (n) Exporter
(n) Importation (n) Exportation (n)
101
Exercise 2 p30
1. Free trade exists when goods can be traded
easily between countries
2. Protectionism is where countries try to
protect home product
3. One way they do this is by using tariffs
102
Exercise 2 p30
4. Another way is by using quotas which limit
5. Domestic manufacturers often complain that
foreign competitors
6. Exporters, on the other hand, often complain
about
103
Vocabulary
Bureaucracy (n) Rules and procedures followed by
government, these are complicated and cause long
delays. Domestic (n) Political activities, events
and situations happen or exist within one
particular country. Dumping (n) Sell large
quantities of goods at lower prices to gain a
bigger market share. Protectionism (n) Policy
that helps home industries by putting a large
tax or restricting on imported goods.
104
Vocabulary
Quota (n) The limited number or quantity of
something which is officially allowed. Tariff
(n) A tax that a government collects on
goods coming into a country.. Regulation
(n) Rules made by a government or authority
to control the way something is
done. Restriction (n) A limit on something that
to reduce or prevent it becoming too great.
105
Exercise 3 p31
1. These new import make our products 50
more expensive.
2. Government limit the import of luxury
cars to just 200 each year.
3. is a very good idea in principle, but in
practice we need to help domestic
manufacturers to survive.
106
Exercise 3 p31
1. This is awful just look at all these
form weve got to fill in.
2. We cant compete with their prices they must
be their goods to put us out of business.
107
Word Building
??????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????
(affix) Prefix - ?????????????????????? ???
?????????????????????????????? ???????????????????
?? ??????????????????????????????
????????????????? Suffix - ?????????????????????
??? ??????????????????????????????????????????????
?????? ??????????????????????????
?????????????????????
108
Prefix
109
Prefix
110
Prefix
111
Suffix
????????????????????????????????
112
Suffix
????????????????????????????????
113
Suffix
??????????????????????????????????
114
Suffix
?????????????????????????????????????
115
Unit 5
Marketing
116
Marketing
The integrated process by which companies
determine what products may be of interest to
customers, and the strategy to use in sales,
communications and business development, to
create value for customers and build strong
customer relationships in order to capture value
from customers in return.
117
Exercise 1 p38
1. The words of this slogan are
2. Whats the best known
3. Rich retired people is the segment
4. It doesnt only appeal to kids
118
Exercise 1 p38
5. Unless we extend our product range,
6. Who designed
7. If we want to penetrate the US
8. They are trying to launch it by
119
Vocabulary
Appeal (n) Something is a quality that it has
which people find attractive or
interesting. Brand (n) The version of product
that is made by one particular
manufacturer. Image (n) A picture or idea of
something or someone that is the way appear to
other people mind. Launch (n) Making a new
product available to the public.
120
Vocabulary
Logo (n) The special design or way of writing
name that a company or organisation puts on its
products, notepaper, or advertisements. Penetrate
(v) A company or country succeed in selling
their products into a market or area. Product
(n) Something that is produced and sold in
large quantities, could be any goods or
services. Segment (n) A market that divides into
separate parts, usually in order to improve
marketing opportunities.
121
Vocabulary
Slogan (n) A short phrase that is easy to
remember, are used in advertisements to make it
easy to remember. Sophisticate (n) Someone who
knows about culture, fashion, and other matters
that considered socially important. Strategy
(n) A general plan or set of plans that intended
to achieve something over a long period.
122
Exercise 4 p39
1. a part of the market.
2. the symbol / group of letters used to
identify a companys product.
3. the general idea or impression that
consumers have of a product.
4. a series of items which give customers
a choice.
5. to aim at an objective.
123
Exercise 4 p39
6. to introduce a new product to the
market, often with advertising.
7. a make of product easily identified by
its name and design.
8. to enter a market and obtain a share of
it.
9. to be attractive to someone.
10. a phrase or sentence customers will
associate with a product.
11. a future long-term plan of action.
124
Exercise 4 p39
1. The words of this slogan are
2. Whats the best known
3. Rich retired people is the segment
4. It doesnt only appeal to kids
125
Exercise 2 p30
1. Free trade exists when goods can be traded
easily between countries
2. Protectionism is where countries try to
protect home product
3. One way they do this is by using tariffs
126
Compound Word
??????? ??? ????????????????????????????????? 2
???????? ?????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????? ???????????????????????????? ????????????
?????????????????????????? ( ) (hyphen)
??????????????? Compound Noun ???????????????????
????????????? ????? Compound Adjective
???????????????????????????????? ??????????
127
Compound Noun
128
Compound Adjective
129
Unit 6
Retail
130
Retail
The activity of selling goods direct to the
public, usually in small quantities.
Retail (n, v, adj) Retailer (n) Retailing (n)
131
Vocabulary
Boutique (n) A small shop that sells fashionable
clothes, shoes, or jewellery. Chain Store
(n) Shops that are owned by the same person
or company, that sells a variety of
things. Convenience Store / A shop which sells
food and household goods, Corner Shop (n) usually
opens on the corner until late at
night. Department - A large shop which sells many
different kinds of Store (n) goods.
132
Vocabulary
Hypermarket (n) A very large supermarket which
sells many different kinds of goods. Shopping
Mall (n) A specially built covered area
containing shops and restaurants. Specialist -
A unique shop that sells only specific
goods Retailer (n) response to customers
specific needs. Supermarket (n) A large shop
which sells all kinds of food and household
goods.
133
Exercise 2.1 p47
b. Most manufacturers which mass-produce goods,
for example, electrical appliances, dont wish to
sell them directly to the public.
e. Instead, they distribute them via wholesalers
who buy large quantities, which are stocked in
their warehouses.
a. In turn, the goods are supplied in the
quantity required to retail outlets.
f. The goods are displayed and stock is kept at
retail outlets
c. Individual consumers view ranges of competing
brands.
d. The consumer selects a single item which he or
she purchases.
134
Exercise 2.3 p47
goods warehouse ranges retail
outlets directory wholesales display
a. products b. large storeroom c. selection of
(TVs) d. shop e. straight f. middleman g. show
135
Exercise 2.3 p47
manufacturers in the quantity require mass
product purchase select stocked
h. people who make i. as many as they think they
need j. make products in large amounts
k. buy l. choose m. keep them safe
136
Future Simple
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????? ?????????????? 2
????????????????????????????? ???????????????
present simple ???? present perfect
???????? Subject will / shall
V.1 Passive Subject will / shall be V.3
137
Future Continuous
???????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????
?????????????? 2 ?????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????? future cont.
??????????????????????????? present
simple Subject will / shall be
V.ing Passive Subject will / shall be
being V.3
138
Future Perfect
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????? ??????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????? ?????????????? 2
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????? future perfect ???????????????????????????
present simple Subject will / shall have
V.3 Passive Subject will / shall have
been V.3
139
Future Perfect Continuous
?????????????????????????? future perfect
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????? ????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????? Subject will / shall have been
V.ing Passive Subject will / shall have
been being V.3
140
Exercise 1 p49
1. Describes something that will be in progress
by a point in the future.
2. Make a simple prediction.
3. Describes something that has already happened
at a point in the future.
141
Exercise 4 p49
1. I cant come on Monday, I the
report all day.
2. a make of product easily identified by
its name and design.
3. to enter a market and obtain a share of
it.
4. to be attractive to someone.
142
Exercise 4 p49
1. I cant come on Monday, I the
report all day.
2. So youve never been to St Petersburg? You
yourselves.
3. In three hours they the contact
and we home.
143
Exercise 4 p49
4. If all goes well they construction by
next October.
5. Imagine, this time tomorrow we across
the Atlantic.
6. Remember what I say. One day you this
decision.
144
Tinglish / Thailish
Imperfect Grammar - ??? present simple already
??? present perfect - ??? ???????????? singular
????????????? plural - ????? Adjective ??? 2
????? ???????????????????? - ?????????????????????
?????? - ??????????????????????????
145
Tinglish / Thailish
Imperfect Pronunciation - ?????????????????? ???
?? ??? - ?????????????????????? - L ??? R
?????????????? ??? ????? - S, SH, CH ??? TH
?????????????? - ????????????????????????? ?
??????
146
Tinglish / Thailish
147
Imperfect Pronunciation
Incorrect
Correct
??-?????
???-???
????
?????
????
????
??-???
??-???
????-??-???
??-??-???
???-??????
??-??????
???
????
148
Imperfect Pronunciation
????-?????-????-?????
???-?????-???-?????
???
???-?????
????-?????
??-?????
??????
???
??-??
???-???
?????-??-???
??-???-??-??
??-???
??-???
149
Imperfect Pronunciation
??-????-????
???-?????/??-????-????
??-???
??-????
???
????
??-????
???-???
????-????-??-?????
??????-??-????
??-????
???-????
???-????
???-????-??
150
Present Tense
Subject V.1
Present Simple
Subject V. to be V.3
Passive
Subject V. to be V.ing
Present Continuous
Subject V. to be being V.3
Passive
Subject V. to have V.3
Present Perfect
Subject V. to have been V.3
Passive
Subject V. to have been V.ing
Present Perfect Cont.
Subject V. to have been being V.3
Passive
151
Past Tense
Subject V.2
Past Simple
Subject was / were V.3
Passive
Subject was / were V.ing
Past Continuous
Subject was / were being V.3
Passive
Subject had V.3
Past Perfect
Subject had been V.3
Passive
Subject had been V.ing
Past Perfect Cont.
Subject had been being V.3
Passive
152
Future Tense
Subject will / shall V.1
Future Simple
Subject will / shall be V.3
Passive
Subject will / shall be V.ing
Future Continuous
Subject will / shall be being V.3
Passive
Subject will / shall have V.3
Future Perfect
Subject will / shall have been V.3
Passive
Subject will / shall have been V.ing
Future Perfect Cont.
Subject will / shall have been being V.3
Passive
153
Active and Passive Voice - e.g.
The company employs two hundred people in two
weeks. Two hundred people are employed by the
company in two weeks. Somebody was cleaning the
room when I arrived. The room was being cleaned
(by somebody) when I arrived. I will have
written a report until tomorrow morning. A report
will have been written by me until tomorrow
morning.
154
thank you wish you all successfulness and the
best of luck