Journey Across Time

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Early India
Chapter Introduction Section 1 Indias Early
Civilizations Section 2 Hinduism and
Buddhism Section 3 Indias First Empires Reading
Review Chapter Assessment
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding
slides.
3
Early India
Chapter Objectives

• Describe how climate and geography affected
  India, and how the Aryans changed India.

• Summarize the main tenets of Hinduism and
  Buddhism.

• Discuss the effects of the Mauryan and Gupta
  empires on India.

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Early India
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Indias Early Civilizations
Get Ready to Read
Section Overview
This section describes how geography and climate
affected the Harappans and the changes to Indias
civilization following the arrival of the Aryans.
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Indias Early Civilizations
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas

• Climate and geography influenced the rise of
  Indias first civilization.

• The Aryans conquered India and introduced new
  ideas and technology.

• The Aryans created a caste system that separated
  Indians into groups.

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Indias Early Civilizations
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Locating Places

• Himalaya (HIHmuhLAYuh)

• Ganges River (GANJEEZ)

• Indus River (IHNduhs)

• Harappa (huhRApuh)

• Mohenjo-Daro (mohHEHNjoh DAHRoh)

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Indias Early Civilizations
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Meeting People

• Aryans (AReeuhnz)

• Brahmans (BRAHmuhns)

Building Your Vocabulary

• subcontinent (SUHBKAHNtuhnuhnt)

• monsoon (mahnSOON)

• Sanskrit (SANSKRIHT)

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Indias Early Civilizations
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Building Your Vocabulary (cont.)

• raja (RAHjuh)
• caste (KAST)
• guru (GURoo)

Reading Strategy
Organizing Information Complete a diagram like
the one on page 194 of your textbook showing how
the Aryans changed India.
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Indias Early Civilizations
The Land of India

• India is a subcontinent because it is separated
  from the rest of Asia by the Himalayas, the
  highest mountains in the world.

• The Indian subcontinent contains five nations
  India, Pakistan, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Nepal.

• India has two fertile river valleys created by
  the Ganges River and the Indus River.

(pages 195197)
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Indias Early Civilizations
The Land of India (cont.)

• A monsoon is a strong wind that blows one
  direction in winter and the opposite direction in
  summer.

• Monsoons bring rain in summer.

• The first urban civilization in India arose near
  the Indus River after the river flooded and left
  fertile soil behind.

• This civilization started about 3000 B.C. and
  lasted until about 1500 B.C.

(pages 195197)
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Indias Early Civilizations
The Land of India (cont.)

• Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were large, well-planned
  cities in ancient India.

• The cities had wells, drains for wastewater,
  garbage chutes, and organized governments.

• The houses were made from baked mud bricks.

• Most people were farmers.

• They grew wheat, barley, peas, and cotton.

(pages 195197)
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Indias Early Civilizations
The Land of India (cont.)

• City dwellers were artisans, who made jewelry,
  pottery, tools, and cloth.

• The Harappans traded their goods
  with people from other lands.

(pages 195197)
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Indias Early Civilizations
Why do archaeologists know little about Harappan
society or government?
The Harappans used an undecipherable script on
seals and stamps and left no other historical
records.
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Indias Early Civilizations
The Aryans

• The Aryans were hunters who also raised and
  herded cattle.

• The Aryans were also nomads and expert warriors.

• They had metal-tipped spears and wooden chariots.

• The Aryans left their home territory in Central
  Asia and began moving into the Indus River valley
  around 1500 B.C.

(pages 198199)
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Indias Early Civilizations
The Aryans Invade (cont.)

• The Aryans became farmers but continued to raise
  cattle.

• The cattle were so important, the Aryans
  eventually declared them sacred.

• The Aryans invented an iron plow and built canals
  to improve farming.

(pages 198199)
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Indias Early Civilizations
The Aryans Invade (cont.)

• The Aryans developed a written language called
  Sanskrit.

• Aryan tribes were led by a raja, or prince.

(pages 198199)
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Indias Early Civilizations
Why were nomads good warriors?
Because nomads traveled, they often met up with
other people whom they considered enemies. They
also came upon villages they needed to plunder
for food.
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Indias Early Civilizations
Society in Ancient India

• A caste is a social group that someone is born
  into and cannot change. The Indian word for caste
  is jati.

• The many jati are divided into four levels.

• The top two levels included priests and warriors.
  

• The next level was common people, such as
  merchants and farmers.

(pages 199201)
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Indias Early Civilizations
Society in Ancient India (cont.)

• The fourth level included laborers and servants.

• Untouchables were not part of any caste.

• These people
  did dirty work considered
  polluting, and they led difficult lives.

(pages 199201)
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Indias Early Civilizations
Society in Ancient India (cont.)

• Mens lives were considered more important than
  womens lives.

• In most cases, only men could inherit property.

• Only men were allowed to go to school or become
  priests.

• Parents arranged marriages, and divorce was not
  allowed.

(pages 199201)
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Indias Early Civilizations
Under the caste system in India, what aspects of
life are affected by a persons caste?
A caste affects what jobs people will have, who
they can marry, and with whom they can eat or
drink.
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Indias Early Civilizations
Describe the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.
Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were planned cities with
wide main streets and a wall around each
neighborhood. Each mud brick house had a flat
roof and was laid out around a courtyard. Each
city had public wells, a sewage system, and
garbage disposal.
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Indias Early Civilizations
Why are monsoons important to Indian farmers?
They cause soil-enriching floods.
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Indias Early Civilizations
Cause and Effect What caused the collapse of
Harappan civilization?
earthquakes, floods, the Indus River changing its
course, and the Aryan invasions
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Indias Early Civilizations
Contrast How did the Aryan and Harappan
lifestyles differ?
Harappans were city-dwellers Aryans were
war-like nomads.
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Indias Early Civilizations
Explain How did the Aryans control the people
they conquered?
Possible answers strong military, effects of
caste system
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Indias Early Civilizations
Descriptive Writing Write a description of the
city of Harappa or Mohenjo-Daro that could have
been used to attract residents to that city in
ancient India.
Answers should demonstrate understanding of the
text.
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Indias Early Civilizations
Discuss the influence of geographic factors on
the Harappans and the Aryans.
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Hinduism and Buddhism
Get Ready to Read
Section Overview
The religion of Hinduism is based on the beliefs
of the Aryans. Buddhism, a new religion, was
popular with many people in India and other areas
of Asia.
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Hinduism and Buddhism
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas

• Hinduism grew out of the ancient beliefs of the
  Aryans.

• A new religion, Buddhism, appealed to many people
  in India and other parts of Asia.

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Hinduism and Buddhism
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Locating Places

• Nepal (nuhPAWL)

• Tibet (tuhBEHT)

Meeting People

• Siddhartha Gautama (sihDAHRtuh GOWtuhmuh)

• Dalai Lama (DAHLY LAHmuh)

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Hinduism and Buddhism
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Building Your Vocabulary

• Hinduism (HIHNdooIHzuhm)
• Brahman (BRAHmuhn)
• reincarnation (REEihnkahrNAYshuhn)

• dharma (DAHRmuh)

• karma (KAHRmuh)
• Buddhism (BOODIHzuhm)

• nirvana (nihrVAHnuh)
• theocracy (theeAHkruhsee)

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Hinduism and Buddhism
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Reading Strategy
Summarizing Information Create a web diagram like
the one on page 202 of your textbook. In the
ovals, identify major beliefs of Hinduism.
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Hinduism and Buddhism
Hinduism

• Hinduism, the worlds third largest religion, is
  one of the oldest religions.

• Hinduisms roots are in the Aryan religion, which
  changed after borrowing ideas from people
  encountered in India.

• The Brahman is the universal spirit made up of
  thousands of deities.

(pages 203204)
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Hinduism and Buddhism
Hinduism (cont.)

• The Upanishads are ancient sacred texts that
  describe the search for Brahman.

• Reincarnation is the idea of passing through many
  lives to reach the Brahman.

• Dharma is the divine law of Hindus.

(pages 203204)
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Hinduism and Buddhism
Hinduism (cont.)

• This law states that Hindus must perform the
  duties of their caste.

• The consequences of how a person lives is
  
  called
  karma.

(pages 203204)
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Hinduism and Buddhism
According to Hindus, what are the consequences of
a good and a bad life?
Hindus believe if a person lives a good life,
then that person might be reborn into a higher
varna or jati. If the person lives a bad life,
then the person might be reborn in a lower varna
or jati.
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Hinduism and Buddhism
Buddhism

• Buddhism is a religion founded by Siddhartha
  Gautama, the man who became known as the Buddha,
  or Enlightened One.

• Siddhartha Gautama was a prince who left his
  family and wealth to travel.

• In his travels, he saw much suffering and
  questioned the need for suffering.

(pages 205208)
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Hinduism and Buddhism
Buddhism (cont.)

• Legend tells he meditated under a tree for 49
  days, and then he understood.

• For the rest of his life, Siddhartha traveled to
  tell people about his discovery.

• Nirvana, a state of
  wisdom, occurs
  when a person
  gives
  up all desires.

(pages 205208)
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Hinduism and Buddhism
Buddhism (cont.)

• The core of Buddhas teaching is called the Four
  Noble Truths.

• The Eightfold Path describes the steps to
  eliminate suffering.

• Buddhism divided into Theravada Buddhism and
  Mahayana Buddhism.

• Theravada Buddhists believe the Buddha was a
  great teacher, not a god.

(pages 205208)
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Hinduism and Buddhism
Buddhism (cont.)

• Mahayana Buddhists believe the Buddha was a god
  who came to save people.

• Tibet is a country in central Asia where Mahayana
  Buddhism mixed with traditional Tibetan religion
  and Hinduism to create a special kind of Mahayana
  Buddhism.

• In Tibet, religious leaders, called lamas, headed
  the government.

(pages 205208)
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Hinduism and Buddhism
Buddhism (cont.)

• The Dalai Lama was the government leader, and the
  Panchen Lama was the religious leader.

• A theocracy is a form of
  government in which
  religious leaders head the
  government.

(pages 205208)
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Hinduism and Buddhism
Why was Buddhism popular with people of lower
castes?
The Buddha taught that a persons life depended
on the person, not the caste into which the
person was born. He believed that a person could
stop being reborn by following the Eightfold
Path. This gave lower caste people hope.
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Hinduism and Buddhism
What are the Upanishads?
The Upanishads are ancient religious writings
that describe the search for a universal spirit.
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Hinduism and Buddhism
What is reincarnation?
Reincarnation is a religious belief that a soul
is reborn many times.
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Hinduism and Buddhism
Describe Explain the concept of karma.
Karma is the consequences a soul faces in its
next life for its actions in this life.
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Hinduism and Buddhism
Explain What is the importance of the Four
Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path?
The Four Noble Truths explain why people suffer.
The Eightfold Path describes behaviors that will
end suffering.
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Hinduism and Buddhism
Analyze How did the belief in reincarnation both
strengthen the divisions in Indian society and
provide hope for the lower classes?
Ones position in society results from past acts.
Lower classes hoped to improve their position in
a future life.
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Hinduism and Buddhism
Expository Writing Write a short essay
describing Siddhartha Guatamas journey to
enlightenment.
Answers should be based on the text.
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Hinduism and Buddhism
Hinduism is more than a religion it is a whole
way of life. Identify facts that support this
statement.
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Indias First Empires
Get Ready to Read
Section Overview
The Mauryan and Gupta dynasties built empires in
India, and they contributed greatly to
literature, mathematics, and science.
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Indias First Empires
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas

• The Mauryan dynasty built Indias first great
  empire.

• The Gupta empire reunited much of northern India
  and became wealthy through trade.

• The Mauryan and Gupta empires made important
  contributions in literature, mathematics, and
  science.

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Indias First Empires
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Locating Places

• Pataliputra (PAHtuhlihPOOtruh)

Meeting People

• Chandragupta Maurya (CHUHNdruhGUPtuh
  MAHooryuh)

• Asoka (uhSOHkuh)

• Kalidasa (KAHlihDAHsuh)

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Indias First Empires
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Building Your Vocabulary

• dynasty (DYnuhstee)

• stupa (STOOpuh)

• pilgrim (PIHLgruhm)

Reading Strategy
Categorizing Information Complete a chart like
the one on page 209 of your textbook identifying
the important dates, capital city, and government
of the Mauryan empire.
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Indias First Empires
The Mauryan Dynasty

• Chandragupta Maurya, an Indian prince, founded
  Indias first empire after Alexander the Great
  left India.

• This empire was called the Mauryan dynasty.

• A dynasty is a series of rulers from the same
  family.

• Chandragupta controlled his dynasty by retaining
  a strong army and using spies.

(pages 210211)
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Indias First Empires
The Mauryan Dynasty (cont.)

• Many historians consider Asoka the Mauryan
  dynastys greatest king.

• After he was a strong military leader, Asoka
  turned away from violence.

• He made a vow to live a peaceful life and follow
  Buddhism.

• Asoka did many great things for his people.

(pages 210211)
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Indias First Empires
The Mauryan Dynasty (cont.)

• For example, he built hospitals and new roads and
  sent teachers throughout India to teach Buddhism.

• The empire grew weak after Asokas death.

• The kings made poor decisions, and the Mauryan
  Empire fell.

(pages 210211)
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Indias First Empires
What happened as a result of Alexander the
Greats invasion of northern India?
Alexander the Greats army weakened the many
small kingdoms of India. After Alexander the
Great and his men left, the people could not
resist Chandragupta.
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Indias First Empires
The Gupta Empire

• After 500 years of fighting, another Chandragupta
  took power and founded the Gupta dynasty.

• After Chandragupta died, his son, Samudragupta,
  took over and expanded the empire.

• The Guptas ruled for about 200 years.

• They grew wealthy from trade with China and
  kingdoms in southeast Asia and the Mediterranean.

(page 213)
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Indias First Empires
The Gupta Empire (cont.)

• Pilgrims were people who often used the trade
  routes to travel to a religious shrine or site.

• Visiting pilgrims helped make cities wealthy just
  as tourists make cities wealthy today.

• The Guptas were Hindus, and they gave their full
  support to Hinduism.

• The golden age of art and learning in India was
  during the Gupta empire.

(page 213)
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Indias First Empires
What advantage did the Gupta rulers have that the
Mauryan rulers did not?
The kingdom had gotten smaller before the Gupta
rulers took power. The smaller kingdom was easier
to rule.
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Indias First Empires
Indian Literature and Science

• The Vedas of India are an ancient collection of
  sacred verses, hymns, and prayers.

• The Vedas were recorded in Sanskrit after the
  Aryan people came to India.

• The Mahabharata and Ramayana are two sacred texts
  that are still famous in India today.

• Both tell about warriors and their brave deeds.

(pages 214216)
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Indias First Empires
Indian Literature and Science (cont.)

• Kalidasa was a writer who lived during the Gupta
  dynasty.

• His poem The Cloud Messenger is one of the most
  popular Sanskrit poems.

• Aryabhata was a mathematician who lived during
  the Gupta dynasty.

• He was one of the first scientists to use
  algebra.

(pages 214216)
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Indias First Empires
Indian Literature and Science (cont.)

• Mathematicians in the Gupta empire developed the
  symbols for the numbers 1 to 9 that we use
  today.

• They also invented algorithms and the idea of
  zero.

• Indians also developed ideas in astronomy and
  medicine.

(pages 214216)
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Indias First Empires
What kinds of medical advances were made by Gupta
doctors?
Gupta doctors could set broken bones and perform
surgeries. They also developed medical tools.
One doctor even carried out an early form of
plastic surgery.
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Indias First Empires
Describe trade during the Gupta empire?
Indians traded salt, cloth, and iron with China,
Southeast Asia, and the Mediterranean.
71
Indias First Empires
What is the message of the Bhagavad Gita?
It taught people to do their duty even when it
was painful.
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Indias First Empires
Analyze How were Asokas Buddhist beliefs
reflected in his accomplishments as king?
His improvements were for the overall good. He
built hospitals, roads, and rest stops for
travelers sent missionaries throughout India and
Asia carved Buddhas principles on pillars
built stupas and practiced religious tolerance.
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Indias First Empires
Expository Writing Which of the Indian emperors
described in this section do you think was the
greatest ruler? Write a short essay explaining
your choice.
Be sure to provide reasons for your choice of
ruler.
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Indias First Empires
Math Link Why would the development of a number
system be important in a civilization that
depended on trade?
to keep records of transactions and to monitor
the exchange of money
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Indias First Empires
Summarize how religion affected the Gupta empire.
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Early India
Section 1 Indias First Civilizations
Focusing on the Main Ideas

• Climate and geography influenced the rise of
  Indias first civilization.

• The Aryans conquered India and introduced new
  ideas and technology.

• The Aryans created a caste system that separated
  Indians into groups.

78
Early India
Section 2 Hinduism and Buddhism
Focusing on the Main Ideas

• Hinduism grew out of the ancient beliefs of the
  Aryans.

• A new religion, Buddhism, appealed to many people
  in India and other parts of Asia.

79
Early India
Section 3 Indias First Empires
Focusing on the Main Ideas

• The Mauryan dynasty built Indias first great
  empire.

• The Gupta empire reunited much of northern India
  and became wealthy through trade.

• The Mauryan and Gupta empires made important
  contributions in literature, mathematics, and
  science.

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Early India
Review Vocabulary
Define Match the vocabulary word that completes
each sentence.
D
__ 1. Each Aryan tribe was led by a ____. __
2. In a ____, government is led by religious
leaders. __ 3. A ____ is a line of rulers who
belong to the same family. __ 4. A ____ travels
to religious places.

• A. stupa
• B. guru
• C. caste
• D. raja
• pilgrim
• theocracy
• monsoon
• dynasty

F
H
E
82
Early India
Review Vocabulary
Define Match the vocabulary word that completes
each sentence.
G
__ 5. A ____ is a strong wind that blows one
direction in winter and the opposite direction in
summer. __ 6. A ____, is a teacher. __ 7. A ____
is a social group that someone is born into and
cannot change. __ 8. ____ are Buddhist shrines
that have the shape of a dome or mound.

• A. stupa
• B. guru
• C. caste
• D. raja
• pilgrim
• theocracy
• monsoon
• dynasty

B
C
A
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Early India
Review Main Ideas
Section 1 Indias First Civilizations
What influenced the rise of Indias first
civilizations?
Geography and climate influenced the first
civilizations.
84
Early India
Review Main Ideas
Section 1 Indias First Civilizations
What was the purpose of the caste system?
No one is sure, but possibly to help Aryans stay
in control.
85
Early India
Review Main Ideas
Section 2 Hinduism and Buddhism
From what did Hinduism form?
Hinduism formed from the ancient beliefs of the
Aryans.
86
Early India
Review Main Ideas
Section 2 Hinduism and Buddhism
Which religion appealed to people in India and
other parts of Asia?
Buddhism
87
Early India
Review Main Ideas
Section 3 Indias First Empires
Which dynasty built Indias first great empire?
the Mauryan dynasty
88
Early India
Review Main Ideas
Section 3 Indias First Empires
Why was the Gupta empire important?
It reunited much of India and became wealthy
through trade.
89
Early India
Compare How do you think the Eightfold Path is
similar to the Ten Commandments of Judaism?
They both describe behaviors that believers must
try to follow.
90
Early India
Analyze How does the Mahabharata reflect the
ideals of ancient India?
It stresses the importance of doing ones duty.
91
Early India
Explain How did the monsoons affect the
development of Indias first civilizations?
The summer monsoon made the Indus River flood,
fertilizing the soil and leading to good farming.
Surplus food led to specialization and
civilization.
92
Early India
Predict What do you think might have happened if
Asoka had approved of the slaughter on the
battlefield during his wars of conquest?
Answers might include that wars might have
continued during the Mauryan empire the empire
might have been larger Buddhism may not have
spread so quickly.
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Maps Geography of India Aryan Migration 2000500
B.C. Mauryan Empire c. 250 B.C. Gupta Empire c.
A.D. 600
Charts Early Indias Social System Major Hindu
Gods and Goddesses
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding
slides.
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Indias Early Civilizations
As dangerous as monsoon flooding can be, drought
is much more devastating to the people of India.
In 1770, the rains did not come, and a famine
occurred because of the drought. About 10
million people died in Bengal, an Indian state.
103
Hinduism and Buddhism
In 1949, the country of Tibet was invaded by
China. China still occupies Tibet and tries to
expel Tibetan Buddhism. Tibetans who fail to
denounce their religion or who possess an image
of the Dalai Lama, their religious leader, are
punished.
104
Indias First Empires
Following Buddhist ways, Asoka respected all life
and even created hospitals for animals.
105
Reading Social Studies
Learn It!
Building Your Vocabulary
What do you do when you are reading and come to
a word you do not know? Here are some hints

• Use clues in the sentence (called context clues)
  to help you define it.
• Look for prefixes, suffixes, or root words that
  you already know.
• Look it up in the glossary or a dictionary.

106
Reading Social Studies
Learn It!
Building Your Vocabulary
What do you do when you are reading and come to
a word you do not know? Here are some hints

• Write it down and ask for help with the meaning.
• Guess at its meaning.

Look at the word Untouchables in the paragraph
on the next slide.
107
Reading Social Studies
Context If you know what the caste system is, it
will help you figure out the meaning of
Untouchables.
There was one group so low that it was not
even part of the caste system. Its members were
called Pariahs, or the Untouchables. They
performed work other Indians thought was too
dirty, such as collecting trash, skinning
animals, or handling dead bodies.
Context The Untouchables were a group.
They had a low rank in society.
from page 200
108
Reading Social Studies
Prefixes and Suffixes You might know that the
prefix un-means not and the suffix able means
to be able to. You might guess that the
meaning of Untouchable is an Indian who was not
to be touched by others.
There was one group so low that it was not
even part of the caste system. Its members were
called Pariahs, or the Untouchables. They
performed work other Indians thought was too
dirty, such as collecting trash, skinning
animals, or handling dead bodies.
Context The fact that they performed the dirty
work indicates how they were viewed by others in
Indian society.
from page 200
109
Reading Social Studies
There was one group so low that it was not
even part of the caste system. Its members were
called Pariahs, or the Untouchables. They
performed work other Indians thought was too
dirty, such as collecting trash, skinning
animals, or handling dead bodies.
from page 200
110
Reading Social Studies
Practice It!
Defining Words
Read the paragraph from Chapter 6 on page 193 of
your textbook.

• What are three things you could do to help you
  understand the meaning of the word subcontinent
  in this paragraph?

111
Introduction
Early India
112
Indias First Civilizations
113
Hinduism and Buddhism
114
Indias First Empires
115
Morality in the Eightfold Path
116
The Bhagavad Gita
117
563483 B.C.
The Buddha
Sculpture of the Buddha sitting on a cobra.
The Buddha
118
Emperor Asoka
Carving from top of pillar created under Asoka.
Asoka
119
Daily Focus Skills Transparency 61
Chapter 6
120
Daily Focus Skills Transparency 62
Chapter 6
121
Daily Focus Skills Transparency 63
Chapter 6
122
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