Identification and Prevention The key to preventing

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Identification and Prevention

• The key to preventing accidents is identifying
  and eliminating hazards.
• A hazard is a condition or combination of
  conditionsthat, if left uncorrected, may lead to
  an accident,illness, or property damage.
• Every hazard that can be identified should be
  corrected.
• Or minimized through the appropriate safeguards.
• Every accident that can be prevented should be
  prevented.

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OVERVIEW OF HAZARD ANALYSIS
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OVERVIEW OF HAZARD ANALYSIS

• A preliminary hazard analysis (PHA) is
  conductedto identify potential hazards and
  prioritize them according to the
• Likelihood of accident/injury being caused by the
  hazard.
• Severity of injury, illness, or property damage
  that could result if the hazard caused an
  accident.
• A useful practice for early sorting is to place
  catastrophic severities together, followed by
  critical, marginal, and nuisance hazards,
  respectively.
• Then, with each item, indicate the probability of
  occurrenceconsiderable, probable, or unlikely.
• Rate the correction of these hazards next by
  costa key step.

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PRELIMINARY HAZARD ANALYSIS

• It is not always feasible to wait until all the
  data are compiled from a detailed analysis before
  taking steps to identify and eliminate hazards.
• As when a new system or piece of equipment is
  installed, management wants it on-line as soon
  as possible.

• In such cases, a PHA can serve two purposes
• It can expedite bringing the new system on-line,
  butat a substantially reduced risk of injuring
  workers.
• It can serve as a guide for a future detailed
  analysis.

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PRELIMINARY HAZARD ANALYSIS
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Cost-Benefit Factors in Hazard Analysis

• Every hazard typically has several remediesand
  every remedy has a corresponding cost benefit.
• It is important to factor in cost when
  recommending corrective action regarding hazards.
• This amounts to listing all potential remedies
  along with respective costs, and then estimating
  the extent to which each will reduce the hazard
  (its benefit).

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DETAILED HAZARD ANALYSIS

• In cases where the potential exists for serious
  injury, multiple injuries, or catastrophic
  illness, a detailed hazard analysis is conducted.
• A number of different methods can be used for
  conducting detailed analyses.

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Failure Mode and Effects of Analysis

• Failure mode and effects of analysis (FMEA) is a
  formal step-by-step analytical method that is a
  spin-off of reliability analysis, a method used
  to analyze complex engineering systems.
• Critically examine the system in question.
• Divide the system into its various components.
• Examine each individual component and record all
  of the various ways in which the components may
  fail.
• Rate each potential failure according to the
  degree of hazard.
• 0 None 1 Slight 2 Moderate 3 Extreme
  4 Severe.
• Examine all potential failures for each component
  of the system and decide what effect the failures
  could have.

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Failure Mode and Effects of Analysis
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Failure Mode and Effects of Analysis

• FMEAs have limitations.
• The element of human error is missinga major
  weakness, as human error is more frequently at
  the heart of a workplace accident than system or
  process failure.
• FMEAs focus on the components of a given system
  as if the components operate in a vacuum.
• They do not take into account the interface
  mechanisms between components or between systems,
  where problems often occur.

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Hazard and Operability Review

• Hazard and operability review (HAZOP) was
  developed for use with new processes in the
  chemical industry.
• It allows problems to be identified before a body
  of experience has been developed for a process or
  system.
• HAZOP consists of forming a team of experienced,
  knowledgeable people from backgrounds relating to
  the process or system and having team members
  brainstorm about potential hazards.

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Hazard and Operability Review

• A HAZOP proceeds in a step-by-step manner.
• Select the process or system to be analyzed.
• Form the team of experts.
• Explain the HAZOP process to all team members.
• Establish goals and timeframes.
• Summarize all input.

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Hazard and Operability Review
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Hazard and Operability Review

• HAZOPs predict problems associated with system or
  process failures.
• These are technological failuresbecause human
  erroris so often a factor in accidents, this
  weakness must be addressed.

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Human Error Analysis

• Human error analysis (HEA) is used to predict
  human error, not to review what has occurred.
• HEA should be used to identify hazards before
  theycause accidents.
• Two approaches to HEA can be effective
• Observing employees at work and noting hazards.
• The task analysis approach.
• Actually performing job tasks to get a firsthand
  feelfor hazards.
• It is a good idea to perform it in conjunction
  with FMEAs and HAZOPs, to enhance the
  effectiveness of all three processes.

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Technic of Operations Review

• Technic of operations review (TOR) allows
  supervisors employees to work together to
  analyze workplace accidents, failures, and
  incidents.
• It answers the question Why did the system allow
  this incident to occur?
• TOR was originally developed in the early 1970s,
  but widescale use did not occur until the early
  1990s, when documentation began to be circulated.
• Because it uses a work sheet, in
  simple-to-understand terms, and follows an
  uncomplicated yes/no decision-making sequence, it
  can be used even at the lowestlevels of the firm.

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Technic of Operations Review

• TOR is triggered by an incident occurring at a
  specific time place, and involving specific
  people.
• A weakness of TOR is that it is designed as an
  after-the-fact process, triggered by an accident
  or incident.
• The strength of TOR is involvement of line
  personnel in the analysis.

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Technic of Operations Review

• The process proceeds as follows
• Establish the team of workers present when the
  accident incident occurred, supervisor
  safety/health professional.
• Conduct a roundtable discussion to establish
  common knowledge base among team members.
• Identify one major systematic factor that led to,
  or playeda significant role in, causing the
  accident or incident.
• Use the group consensus to respond to a sequence
  of yes/no options to identify a number of factors
  that contributed to the accident or incident.
• Evaluate identified factors carefully to make
  sure thereis a team consensus about each.
• Develop corrective or preventive strategies for
  each factor.

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Fault Tree Analysis

• Fault tree analysis (FTA) can predict and prevent
  accidents or be an investigative tool after the
  fact.
• An analytical methodology that uses a graphic
  modelto display the analysis process visually.
• A fault tree is built using special symbols, some
  derived from Boolean algebra.
• The resultant model resembles a logic diagram or
  a flowchart.

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Fault Tree Analysis
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Fault Tree Analysis
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Fault Tree Analysis
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Fault Tree Analysis

• A fault tree is developed using the following
  steps
• Decide on the accident or incident to be placed
  at the top of the tree.
• Identify the broadest level of failure or fault
  event that could contribute to the top event.
• Assign the appropriate symbols.
• Move downward through successively more specific
  levels until basic events are identified.

• Once a fault tree is constructed, it is examined
  to determine the various combinations of failure
  or fault events that could lead to the top event.
  
• The final step involves making recommendations
  for preventive measures.

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Risk Analysis

• Important questions for safety/health
  professionals involved in analyzing the workplace
  for the purpose of identifying and overcoming
  hazards
• Where are we at risk? Where are we at greatest
  risk?
• Risk analysisnormally associated with insurance
  and investmentscan help analyze the workplace,
  identify hazards develop strategies for
  overcoming these hazards.
• Risk analysis focuses on two key questions
• How frequently does a given event occur?.
• How severe are the consequences of a given event?

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Risk Analysis

• Risk is decreased by decreasing the frequency and
  severity of hazard-related events.
• Historical data on accidents, injuries, and
  illness showthat the less severe an injury or
  illness, the more frequently it is likely to
  occur.
• Correspondingly, the more severe an injury or
  illness,the less frequently it is likely to
  occur.
• There are many more minor scrapes, bumps, and
  abrasions experienced in the workplace than major
  debilitating injuries such as amputations or
  broken bones.

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Risk Analysis

• One approach to risk analysis considers both
  probability and impact.
• The lowest rating means it is impossible that a
  givenerror will be committed or a given failure
  will occur.
• The highest rating means it is very likely that a
  givenerror will be committed frequently or a
  given failure will occur frequently.
• Severity levels can be ratedlikely consequence
  of an accident or failure event of that severity.
• The least severe incidents are not likely to
  cause an injury or damage property.
• The most severe incidents are almost certain to
  cause death or serious property damage.

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HAZARD PREVENTION AND DETERRENCE

• SME recommended hazard control methods
• Eliminate the source of the hazards, substitute a
  less hazardous equivalent, or reduce hazards at
  the source.
• Remove the employee from the hazard.
• For example, substitute a robot or other
  automated system.
• Isolate the hazards.
• For example, enclose them in barriers.
• Dilute the hazard.
• For example, ventilate the hazardous substance.
• Apply appropriate management strategies.
• Use appropriate personal protective equipment
  (PPE).
• Provide employee training.
• Practice good housekeeping.

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HAZARD PREVENTION AND DETERRENCE
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OSHA PROCESS SAFETY STANDARD

• OSHA 29 CFR 1910.119 is the standard for process
  safety, to prevent catastrophic accidents caused
  by major releases of highly hazardous chemicals.
• To comply, companies must have written operating
  procedures, mechanical integrity programs, and
  formal incident investigation procedures.

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RISK ASSESSMENT

• Risk assessment should be a structured and
  systematic process that answers the following
• How severe are potential injuries?.
• How frequently are employees exposed to the
  potential hazards?
• What is the possibility of avoiding the hazard if
  it does occur?
• What is the likelihood of an injury should a
  safety control system fail?

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SAFETY MANAGEMENT CONCERNS

• Students studying occupational safety may become
  safety engineers, technologists, technicians,
  specialists, or managers.
• Safety managers work with key decision makers to
  ensure that safety and health are included in
  their strategic plans.
• Safety managers work with other key decision
  makers to develop written policy that summarizes
  the organizations commitment to a safe and
  healthy work environment

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Written Procedures

• Safety managers should ensure their employers put
  all the following in writing
• Job descriptions with responsibilities for safety
  and health.
• General safety rules for all employees.
• Procedures for specialized and hazardous
  operations.
• Standard operating procedures for processes,
  systems, and equipment (including safe
  operation).
• Program for communicating with employees about
  safety information, issues, and concerns
  emergency plan with all its subordinate plans.
• Employee orientation program near-miss
  procedures safety suggestions procedures
  procedures for job hazard analysis and safety
  manual.

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Employee Training

• Safety managers are responsible for ensuring that
  both new and experienced employees receive the
  training they need to do their jobs safely.
• Arranging/scheduling training for new employees.
• Arranging/scheduling retraining of experienced
  employees. whose jobs have changed in some way.
• Identifying and assigning instructors to conduct
  training.
• Monitoring and evaluating training provided.
• Documenting training and ensuring that
  supervisorsreceive the training they need in
  order to play their critical role in maintaining
  a safe and healthy work environment.

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Human Resource Management

• Safety managers work closely with human resource
  management personnel on personnel issues relating
  to safety and health.

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Self-Assessments

• An important responsibility of safety managers is
  helping supervisors and employees play their
  roles in maintaining a safe and healthy workplace.

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Safety and Health Promotion

• Safety managers are responsible for promotional
  programs that keep employees, supervisors, and
  managers focused on safety and health issues.
• The purpose is to remind people to think of
  safety first.

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Accident Investigation and Reporting

• Safety managers are responsible a structured
  system for investigating accidents and near
  misses and for reporting the results of the
  investigations.
• Responsible for training needed to allow
  supervisors and other personnel to participate in
  accident investigations in a positive, helpful
  manner.

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Ongoing Monitoring

• Safety managers are responsible for ensuring that
  workplace hazards requirements of applicable
  regulatory agencies are properly monitored on a
  continuous basis.
• Noise, chemicals, smoke, fumes, dust, ergonomics,
  and other potential problems present in the
  workplace.

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Ongoing Monitoring

• A checklist for safety managers
• Have you identified all the standards from OSHA
  and other agencies that apply to your
  organization?
• Do you have electronic access to the latest
  standards?
• Are you familiar with the most recent workers
  compensation legislation in your state?
• Are you implementing workers compensation
  cost-reduction strategies?
• Are you monitoring the workplace for ergonomic
  hazards?
• Are you applying OSHAs voluntary ergonomic
  guidelines?
• Are you monitoring employee stress levels and
  implementing appropriate stress-reduction
  strategies?
• Are all machines properly guarded?
• Have you instituted a comprehensive
  lockout/tagout program?

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Ongoing Monitoring

• A checklist for safety managers

• Have you implemented an effective slip-and-fall
  prevention program based on OSHAs Fall
  Protection Standard?
• Have you implemented an effective ladder safety
  program?

• Do all employees have and properly use the PPE
  called for in their jobs?
• Have you implemented a safe-lifting program?
• Have you implemented a forklift safety program
  based on OSHAs Industrial Truck standard?
• Have you identified all hazards in the workplace
  relatingto temperature extremes and instituted
  appropriate precautions?

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Ongoing Monitoring

• A checklist for safety managers

• Have you implemented an electrical hazards
  prevention program based on the OSHA Electrical
  Standard?

• Are all avenues of ingress and egress properly
  marked and kept free of clutter and obstructions?
• Have you implemented a fire safety program based
  on OSHAs Fire Safety Standard?
• Have you identified all potentially toxic
  substances in the workplace and instituted
  appropriate procedures to protect employees from
  them?

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Ongoing Monitoring

• A checklist for safety managers

• Have you instituted a confined space safety
  program based on the OSHA Confined Space Standard?

• Have you identified radiation hazards
  implemented appropriate procedures to protect
  employees?
• Do these procedures comply with OSHA Standards
  for Health and Environmental Controls?
• Have you identified noise hazards in the
  workplace and instituted appropriate precautions
  to protect employees?
• Have you established a hearing loss prevention
  program?
• Have you developed an emergency plan for all
  possible types of emergency, including terrorism?
• Is your plan customized to meet local needs?

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Ongoing Monitoring

• A checklist for safety managers

• Have you ensured that selected personnel know how
  to undertake safety analysis and prevention
  efforts?
• Can these personnel complete a detailed hazard
  analysis?

• Does the OSHA Process Safety Standard apply to
  your organization?
• Does your process safety program to satisfy the
  standard?
• Have you trained safety/supervisory personnel to
  conduct accident investigations codmplete all
  related reports?
• Are all required OSHA accident and injury reports
  andlogs maintained and kept up-to-date?
• Have you implemented a comprehensive, ongoing
  safety promotion campaign?

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Ongoing Monitoring

• A checklist for safety managers

• Are all employees provided the training they need
  in order to do their jobs safely?
• Do all employees who have specialized jobs
  receive the training they need in order to do
  those jobs safely?

• Is updated training and retraining provided as
  needed for all employees?
• Have you instituted a program to protect
  employees from exposure to bloodborne pathogens?
• Does your program protect employees who have
  contracted HIV or other bloodborne diseases from
  negative effects of hysteria?
• Have you instituted procedures to protect
  employees from workplace violence?

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HEALTH SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

• Numerous occupational health/safety management
  systems (OHSMSs) are designed to provide a
  comprehensive model for managing all aspectsof
  occupational safety and health.
• Similar to ISO 9000 for quality management and
  ISO 14000 for environmental management.
• An OHSMS typically revolves around the standard
  management model composed of the following
  essential elements in a continuous cycle
• Assess Plan Implement Monitor/evaluate Adjust.

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HEALTH SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

• Most OHSMS contain at least these elements
• Assessment of risk/hazard analysis.
• Planning for hazard abatement and control.
• Establishing performance outcomes
  (goals/objectives).
• Establishment of roles and responsibilities.
• Training related to occupational safety and
  health.
• Communication with stakeholders.
• Procedures for controlling hazards and risks.
• Emergency response plans and procedures.
• Regular, ongoing measurement of performance.
• Acting on the results of evaluations in ways that
  continually improve safety and health in the
  workplace

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HEALTH SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

• An effectively implemented OHSMS with
  executive-level support can produce the following
  benefits
• Improve the attitudes of personnel about their
  working environment.
• Increase the amount of participation in safety
  and health activities as well as the perceptions
  of personnel about those activities.
• Reduce lost time due to injuries and accidents
  and the costs associated with lost time.
• Increase productivity.
• Enhance morale at all levels.

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