Architecture

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Architecture

• The art of sheltering people both physically and
  spiritually from the raw elements of the
  unaltered world
• Vertical
• Horizontal

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Great Pyramids at Giza -2600 BCE
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Post Lintel

• Horizontal beams laid across open space between
  vertical supports
• Limited by lack of tensile strength -withstands
  bending
• Has compressive strength- withstands crushing

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Columns

• Columns- consist of a shaft, base, capital
• Fluting- may be carved vertical lines on the
  shaft
• Base- may be none, stepped, or elaborately
  stepped
• Capital- uppermost section, transition from top
  of column to lintel

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Greek Architectural Orders

• Doric Order- simple shaft, no base, curved shape
  supporting a squared capital
• Ionic- shaft with fluting, rests on stepped base,
  carved scrolls on capital called volutes
• Corinthian- most complex, fluted column rests on
  a detailed, stepped base with carved, stylized
  acanthus leaves on the capital

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Doric
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Ionic
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Corinthian
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Arch Construction

• Stresses transfer outward from center (keystone)
  to legs does not depend on tensile strength of
  materials
• Round- Roman
• Horseshoe- Moorish
• Lance- pointed, Gothic
• Ogee arch

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Arch types
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Arch Construction

• Perfected by the Romans by 2nd c. BCE
• Can define large spaces because the stress is
  transferred from the keystone to the legs
• Keystone- wedge-shaped central stone in the arch
  it is inserted last locks the other stones in
  place
• Vault- arched masonry structure that spans an
  interior space

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Joined Arches

• Arcade- a series arches placed side by side
• Tunnel vault- half-round arch extended in depth,
  arches placed back to back to enclose space
• Groin vault- formed by the intersection of two
  barrel vaults of equal size at right angles
• Ribbed vault- tunnel or groin vault in which the
  lines marking the diagonal intersection of the
  vaults are reinforced with raised masonry
• Dome-arch rotated 360 degrees on its vertical
  axis

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Arch Supports

• Buttress- reinforcement to the legs of an arch to
  prevent them from caving outward
• Flying Buttress- buttress designed to overcome
  bulk of stone by accomplishing structural ends
  that were light in appearance

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Contemporary Structural Systems

• Cantilever- overhanging beam or floor supported
  only at one end
• Bearing wall- the wall supports itself, the walls
  and the roof
• Skeleton frame-a framework supports the building,
  the walls attach to the frame forming an exterior
  skin

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Variations

• Skeleton frame
• 1. Balloon construction When the framing
  utilizes wood, as in house construction
• 2. Steel cage construction When the metal forms
  the frame, as in skyscrapers

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Building Materials

• Stone- post lintel also combined with mortar
  or brick mortar, called masonry
• Concrete- pre-cast concrete (cast in place using
  wooden forms around steel)
• Ferro-concrete (reinforced concrete)
• Wood- balloon framing or post beam
• Steel steel cage, cantilever
• Steel suspension (bridges, superdomes, aerial
  walkways)
• Geodesic dome

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Stone
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Masonry
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Concrete
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Pre-cast Concrete
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Wood
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Steel
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Steel Suspension
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Common Terms

• Line, forms, repetition
• Materials, texture
• Balance
• Scale proportion
• Color
• Light
• Space how do the forms (walls, ceiling, stairs,
  entries, roof) enclose the space

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Architectural Considerations

• Structural system
• Context- the environment. How does the example
  relate to the physical environment in contrast
  to or reflective of surroundings
• Circulation design and flow of contiguous spaces
  relative to function
• Climate-
• Function- the purpose of the building
• Dynamics- stability, instability movement
• Style- historical reference