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Cognitive Development

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Cognitive Development Chapter 7 Does the child reason and remember the same way that you do? How do you know? If the answer to the first question is no, make a ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Cognitive Development


1
Cognitive Development
  • Chapter 7

2
  • Does the child reason and remember the same way
    that you do? How do you know?
  • If the answer to the first question is no, make
    a list of some of the specific differences
    between the way that you think and the way that
    the child thinks

3
  • Cognition refers to the inner processes and
    products of the mind that lead to knowing
  • Three main approaches to cognitive development
  • Piagets cognitive developmental theory
  • Vygotskys sociocultural theory
  • Information processing

4
  • Imagine
  • You are playing with a six-month-old infant and
    suddenly leave the room to answer the telephone.
  • You take a four-year-old childs small cup of
    juice and empty it into a larger cup.
  • While trying to settle a fight over the TV
    between a seven-year-old and a 12-year-old, you
    flip a coin. The seven-year-old loses.

5
Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory
  • Genetic epistemology
  • What is intelligence?
  • helps an organism adapt
  • Cognitive equilibrium

6
Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory
  • Gaining Knowledge Schemes and Processes
  • Schemes mental patterns (thought/action)
  • Constructivist approach

7
Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory
  • Adaptation
  • Assimilation
  • Accommodation
  • Equilibration
  • Organization

8
Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory
  • Stage theory
  • Invariant and Universal
  • Order is genetically determined, but many factors
    affect the speed
  • May not reach highest level
  • Qualitatively different representational and
    reasoning abilities

9
Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory
  • The Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 years)
  • Coordinate sensory inputs and motor skills
  • Transition from being reflexive to reflective

10
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11
Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory
  • Sensorimotor Stage
  • Development of Object Permanence
  • Objects continue to exist when they are no longer
    visible/detectable
  • Appears by 8-12 months of age
  • A-not-B error search in the last place found,
    not where it was last seen
  • Complete by 18-24 months

12
  • You are playing with a six-month-old infant and
    suddenly leave the room to answer the telephone.

13
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14
Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory
  • Two important features of mature thought
  • symbolic/mental representation
  • Intentionality
  • Visual displacements
  • Invisible displacements
  • Defer imitation
  • Make believe play

15
Identifying Substages
  • Juan accidentally pushes his stuffed toy and it
    makes a noise as it is squeezed. Juan laughs and
    does it again, and again, and again.
  • Linnea is sitting in her highchair. She holds
    her right arm high above her head and drops her
    spoon on the floor. Her mother giggles, picks it
    up, and hands it to her. Linnea then holds her
    right arm straight out from her body and drops
    her spoon. After her mother retrieves it, she
    holds her arm straight out in front of her and
    drops her spoon.

16
  • Noelle wants to go outside to play. She is
    carrying her cup of water in one hand and her
    doll (it goes everywhere with her) in the other.
    She realizes that she cannot push the door open
    because both of her hands are full.
    Consequently, she places her doll under her arm
    and uses her free hand to open the door.
  • Lionel is watching his new little sister, Sybil,
    sleep. He notices that her burp cloth has fallen
    off the changing table and is near her face. He
    reaches down to remove the burp cloth and in
    doing so, the burp cloth gently brushes Sybils
    face. Sybil turns her head towards the burp
    cloth and opens her mouth.

17
  • Kendall and her mother play a game where they
    touch each others noses and giggle. Kendalls
    mother touches her nose and then Kendall touches
    her mothers nose. One time, Kendalls mother
    places a handkerchief between her face and
    Kendalls face. Kendall swipes the handkerchief
    away with one hand and touches her mothers face
    with the other.
  • Isaac and his mother are playing a game of
    hide-and-seek. Isaacs mother places his toy car
    under a pillow and Isaac giggles as he retrieves
    it. One time Isaacs mother pretends to place
    the toy car under the pillow but instead places
    it under the blanket. Isaac picks up the pillow
    and becomes upset when he realizes that the car
    isnt there.

18
  • Phil is just lying on his back when he manages to
    grasp his foot. He smiles and lets go. His
    mother watches as he wiggles around until he
    manages to grasp his foot again.

19
Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory
  • Challenges to Piagets Sensorimotor Stage
  • Neo-nativism
  • Innate knowledge
  • Require less time/experience
  • Object permanence, memory
  • Baillargeon
  • Object permanence

20
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22
Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory
  • Theory theories
  • Combination of neo-nativist and Piagetian
    perspective
  • Infants are prepared at birth to make sense of
    some information
  • Beyond this, Piagets constructivist approach is
    generally accurate

23
Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory
  • Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)
  • Characterized more by what children cant do
  • Operation
  • Now mental what was once physical

24
Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory
  • Preoperational Stage (cont)
  • Symbolic/ representational activity
  • Make-believe play
  • Thinking is rigid

25
Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory
  • Preoperational Stage (cont)
  • Illogical schemes transductive reasoning
  • Egocentrism

26
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27
Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory
  • Preoperational Stage (cont)
  • Animism
  • Four characteristics of thought
  • Centered
  • Perception bound
  • Irreversibility
  • Focus on states rather than transformations

28
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29
Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory
  • Preoperational Stage (cont)
  • You take a four-year-old childs small cup of
    juice and empty it into a larger cup.
  • What do you think will happen? Why?
  • Hierarchical classification
  • Class inclusion problem

30
Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory
  • Preoperational Stage (cont)
  • Challenges to the Preoperational Stage
  • Egocentrism
  • Flavell
  • Existence
  • Need
  • Inference
  • Two levels of perspective taking
  • Level 1
  • Level 2

31
Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory
  • Preoperational Stage (cont)
  • Challenges
  • Conservation
  • Animism
  • Categorization

32
A Brief Vacation from Piaget
  • Theory of Mind
  • children begin to understand that the same world
    can be experienced in different ways by different
    people

33
A Brief Vacation from Piaget
  • Theory of Mind (cont)
  • the ability to infer mental states in others is
    proof that children have a theory of mind which
    is a coherent understanding of their own and
    others mental lives
  • Research with 2 y/o

34
A Brief Vacation from Piaget
  • Theory of mind (cont)
  • Henry Wellman (1990)
  • False belief tasks

35
A Brief Vacation from Piaget
  • Theory of Mind (cont)
  • Harris (1989) suggests that the acquisition of a
    theory of mind involves three major developments
  • self-awareness
  • the capacity for pretense
  • the ability to distinguish reality from pretense

36
Back to Piaget
  • Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years)
  • logical, rule-bound, and integrated
  • limited to tangible things
  • Piaget regarded conservation as the single most
    important achievement of the concrete operational
    stage because it provides clear evidence of
    operations
  • Decentration
  • Reversibility

37
Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory
  • Concrete Operational Stage (cont)
  • Horizontal decalage
  • More adept at Classification
  • Mental seriation
  • Challenges experience

38
Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory
  • Formal Operational Stage (11)
  • no longer earthbound and concrete
  • abstract and speculative
  • While trying to settle a fight over the TV
    between a seven-year-old and a 12-year-old, you
    flip a coin. The seven-year-old loses.
  • can now evaluate short and long range
    consequences
  • necessary for achieving identity, formulating
    ideological goals, and for selecting an occupation

39
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40
Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory
  • Formal Operational Stage (cont)
  • Hypothetico-deductive reasoning
  • Reflective thinking
  • Interpropositional logic

41
Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory
  • Formal Operational Stage (cont)
  • Limitations to Formal Operational Thought
  • Adolescent Egocentrism
  • Imaginary audience
  • Personal fable

42
Challenges to Piagets Theory
  • Underestimated childrens capabilities
  • Failed to distinguish competence from performance
  • Does cognitive development occur in stages?
  • Does Piaget explain cognitive development?
  • Little attention to social and cultural influences

43
Strengths of Piagets Theory
  • Vivid and detailed description of cognitive
    development
  • Highlight interactive nature of cognition and
    environment
  • Children are active constructors of knowledge

44
Vygotsky
  • the child and the environment work together to
    shape cognition in culturally adaptive ways
  • development proceeds through social interaction
    and entails gradual internalization of cultural
    knowledge and processes for manipulating thought

45
Vygotskys Sociocultural Perspective
  • Language
  • Piaget ? egocentric speech
  • Vygotsky ? self-guidance and self-direction
  • Private speech ? inner speech

46
Vygotskys Sociocultural Perspective
  • Zone of proximal development
  • Two important characteristics
  • Intersubjectivity
  • Scaffolding

47
Vygotskys Sociocultural Perspective
  • Evidence for social origins of cognitive
    development?

48
Vygotsky vs. Piaget?
  • Agreed children are active constructors of
    knowledge
  • Vygotskys ? wide variation of cognitive skills
    across cultures
  • Piaget ? universal cognitive change

49
Vygotsky vs. Piaget?
  • Vygotskys theory doesnt give us everything
  • Vygotsky placed a huge emphasis on language

50
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