Title: Cognitive Development
1Cognitive Development
2- Does the child reason and remember the same way
that you do? How do you know? - If the answer to the first question is no, make
a list of some of the specific differences
between the way that you think and the way that
the child thinks
3- Cognition refers to the inner processes and
products of the mind that lead to knowing - Three main approaches to cognitive development
- Piagets cognitive developmental theory
- Vygotskys sociocultural theory
- Information processing
4- Imagine
- You are playing with a six-month-old infant and
suddenly leave the room to answer the telephone. - You take a four-year-old childs small cup of
juice and empty it into a larger cup. - While trying to settle a fight over the TV
between a seven-year-old and a 12-year-old, you
flip a coin. The seven-year-old loses.
5Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory
- Genetic epistemology
- What is intelligence?
- helps an organism adapt
- Cognitive equilibrium
6Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory
- Gaining Knowledge Schemes and Processes
- Schemes mental patterns (thought/action)
- Constructivist approach
7Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory
- Adaptation
- Assimilation
- Accommodation
- Equilibration
- Organization
8Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory
- Stage theory
- Invariant and Universal
- Order is genetically determined, but many factors
affect the speed - May not reach highest level
- Qualitatively different representational and
reasoning abilities
9Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory
- The Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 years)
- Coordinate sensory inputs and motor skills
- Transition from being reflexive to reflective
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11Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory
- Sensorimotor Stage
- Development of Object Permanence
- Objects continue to exist when they are no longer
visible/detectable - Appears by 8-12 months of age
- A-not-B error search in the last place found,
not where it was last seen - Complete by 18-24 months
12- You are playing with a six-month-old infant and
suddenly leave the room to answer the telephone.
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14Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory
- Two important features of mature thought
- symbolic/mental representation
- Intentionality
- Visual displacements
- Invisible displacements
- Defer imitation
- Make believe play
15Identifying Substages
- Juan accidentally pushes his stuffed toy and it
makes a noise as it is squeezed. Juan laughs and
does it again, and again, and again. - Linnea is sitting in her highchair. She holds
her right arm high above her head and drops her
spoon on the floor. Her mother giggles, picks it
up, and hands it to her. Linnea then holds her
right arm straight out from her body and drops
her spoon. After her mother retrieves it, she
holds her arm straight out in front of her and
drops her spoon.
16- Noelle wants to go outside to play. She is
carrying her cup of water in one hand and her
doll (it goes everywhere with her) in the other.
She realizes that she cannot push the door open
because both of her hands are full.
Consequently, she places her doll under her arm
and uses her free hand to open the door. - Lionel is watching his new little sister, Sybil,
sleep. He notices that her burp cloth has fallen
off the changing table and is near her face. He
reaches down to remove the burp cloth and in
doing so, the burp cloth gently brushes Sybils
face. Sybil turns her head towards the burp
cloth and opens her mouth.
17- Kendall and her mother play a game where they
touch each others noses and giggle. Kendalls
mother touches her nose and then Kendall touches
her mothers nose. One time, Kendalls mother
places a handkerchief between her face and
Kendalls face. Kendall swipes the handkerchief
away with one hand and touches her mothers face
with the other. - Isaac and his mother are playing a game of
hide-and-seek. Isaacs mother places his toy car
under a pillow and Isaac giggles as he retrieves
it. One time Isaacs mother pretends to place
the toy car under the pillow but instead places
it under the blanket. Isaac picks up the pillow
and becomes upset when he realizes that the car
isnt there.
18- Phil is just lying on his back when he manages to
grasp his foot. He smiles and lets go. His
mother watches as he wiggles around until he
manages to grasp his foot again.
19Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory
- Challenges to Piagets Sensorimotor Stage
- Neo-nativism
- Innate knowledge
- Require less time/experience
- Object permanence, memory
- Baillargeon
- Object permanence
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22Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory
- Theory theories
- Combination of neo-nativist and Piagetian
perspective - Infants are prepared at birth to make sense of
some information - Beyond this, Piagets constructivist approach is
generally accurate
23Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory
- Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)
- Characterized more by what children cant do
- Operation
- Now mental what was once physical
24Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory
- Preoperational Stage (cont)
- Symbolic/ representational activity
- Make-believe play
- Thinking is rigid
25Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory
- Preoperational Stage (cont)
- Illogical schemes transductive reasoning
- Egocentrism
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27Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory
- Preoperational Stage (cont)
- Animism
- Four characteristics of thought
- Centered
- Perception bound
- Irreversibility
- Focus on states rather than transformations
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29Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory
- Preoperational Stage (cont)
- You take a four-year-old childs small cup of
juice and empty it into a larger cup. - What do you think will happen? Why?
- Hierarchical classification
- Class inclusion problem
30Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory
- Preoperational Stage (cont)
- Challenges to the Preoperational Stage
- Egocentrism
- Flavell
- Existence
- Need
- Inference
- Two levels of perspective taking
- Level 1
- Level 2
31Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory
- Preoperational Stage (cont)
- Challenges
- Conservation
- Animism
- Categorization
32A Brief Vacation from Piaget
- Theory of Mind
- children begin to understand that the same world
can be experienced in different ways by different
people
33A Brief Vacation from Piaget
- Theory of Mind (cont)
- the ability to infer mental states in others is
proof that children have a theory of mind which
is a coherent understanding of their own and
others mental lives - Research with 2 y/o
34A Brief Vacation from Piaget
- Theory of mind (cont)
- Henry Wellman (1990)
- False belief tasks
35A Brief Vacation from Piaget
- Theory of Mind (cont)
- Harris (1989) suggests that the acquisition of a
theory of mind involves three major developments - self-awareness
- the capacity for pretense
- the ability to distinguish reality from pretense
36Back to Piaget
- Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years)
- logical, rule-bound, and integrated
- limited to tangible things
- Piaget regarded conservation as the single most
important achievement of the concrete operational
stage because it provides clear evidence of
operations - Decentration
- Reversibility
37Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory
- Concrete Operational Stage (cont)
- Horizontal decalage
- More adept at Classification
- Mental seriation
- Challenges experience
38Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory
- Formal Operational Stage (11)
- no longer earthbound and concrete
- abstract and speculative
- While trying to settle a fight over the TV
between a seven-year-old and a 12-year-old, you
flip a coin. The seven-year-old loses. - can now evaluate short and long range
consequences - necessary for achieving identity, formulating
ideological goals, and for selecting an occupation
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40Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory
- Formal Operational Stage (cont)
- Hypothetico-deductive reasoning
- Reflective thinking
- Interpropositional logic
41Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory
- Formal Operational Stage (cont)
- Limitations to Formal Operational Thought
- Adolescent Egocentrism
- Imaginary audience
- Personal fable
42Challenges to Piagets Theory
- Underestimated childrens capabilities
- Failed to distinguish competence from performance
- Does cognitive development occur in stages?
- Does Piaget explain cognitive development?
- Little attention to social and cultural influences
43Strengths of Piagets Theory
- Vivid and detailed description of cognitive
development - Highlight interactive nature of cognition and
environment - Children are active constructors of knowledge
44Vygotsky
- the child and the environment work together to
shape cognition in culturally adaptive ways - development proceeds through social interaction
and entails gradual internalization of cultural
knowledge and processes for manipulating thought
45Vygotskys Sociocultural Perspective
- Language
- Piaget ? egocentric speech
- Vygotsky ? self-guidance and self-direction
- Private speech ? inner speech
46Vygotskys Sociocultural Perspective
- Zone of proximal development
- Two important characteristics
- Intersubjectivity
- Scaffolding
47Vygotskys Sociocultural Perspective
- Evidence for social origins of cognitive
development?
48Vygotsky vs. Piaget?
- Agreed children are active constructors of
knowledge - Vygotskys ? wide variation of cognitive skills
across cultures - Piaget ? universal cognitive change
49Vygotsky vs. Piaget?
- Vygotskys theory doesnt give us everything
- Vygotsky placed a huge emphasis on language
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