( ) ( )

1
??? ?????????
?????? ?????? ???
2
??(?)

• ????????????,?????(???????)?????????????????????,?
  ????,??????????????????????????????????????????,??
  ??????????????
• ??,???????????????????,??,????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????,?????????????????????????
• ???,????????????????????????,???????????????????,?
  ?????????

3
??(?)

• ??,?????????,????????,?????????,??????????????????
  ????????????,????????,????????????????????????????
  ?,???????????????,?????????,??????????????????,???
  ,?????,??????????????,????????,?????????????????,?
  ?????????????,????????????,?????????????????,????
  ?????????????,?????????,???????????????????,??????
  ??????
• ??,??????????,?????????????????,?????????????,????
  ?????????????????????,??????????????????,?????????
  ??????,?????????????????????,??,??????????????,???
  ???????????,???????????????????

4
?????????

• ??? ??????
• ??? ????????
• ??? ???????????
• ??? ?????????

5
??? ??????

• ??? (ecology)?????????????
• ????????????????,??????????????????????,????????
  ?????????????????????????,????????????????????????
  ?????????????

6
???????????

• ????????
• ????????????????????
• ???????????,????????
• ???15,000?????11,000??????
• ???
• ??(hydrosphere) ???(lithosphere)?
• ??? (atmosphere) ,?????????
• ??????????

7
????????

• ?????????????
• ????????????
• ????????????????

8
????????

• (1) ? (species)
• (2) ?? (population)
• (3) ?? (community)
• (4) ???? (ecosystem)

9
???????????

• ????????????
• 1.??????????,?????????
• ?????????????,??????
• ????????????,???(????
• 1)???????????????????
• ???(carbohydrate) ?????,????
• ?????????????,?????
• ??? (food chain)????(foodweb) ?

10
???????????

• 2.?????????,?????????
• (Heat)?????,??????????
• ????,??,??????????? ???????????!

11
???????????

• 3.??,?????????,????????
• ?????????????????????
• ?????????????????,???
• ????,????????????????
• ?????????????,???????
• ,????????????????,???
• ??????????????????

12
???????????

• ????????????
• ????????????????
• 1.????
• (A) ???????
• (B) ???????
• ?????????????,???
• ????,????????????
• ??????????

13
???????????

• ??????????????,?????
• ????(symbiosis) ,????
• (a) ???? (mutualism)
• (b) ???? (commensalism)
• (c) ?? (predation)
• (d) ?? (parasitism)

14
???????????

• 2.?????
• ???????????????????
• (a) ?
• (b) ??
• (c) ??
• (d) ??
• (e) ??
• (f) ????

15
???????????

• ?????????
• ????????????????????,?
• ??????????????????????
• ??
• ??????????????????????
• ??????????,?????????
• (Biome) ,????????????????
• ??????????????????????
• ???,??????????,???????
• ?????????,???????

16
???????????

• ?????? (aquatic biome),???????
• ?????? (freshwater biome)
• ?????? (marine biome)?
• ?????? (desert biome)
• ?????? (forest biome)??
• ???? (tropical forest)
• ???? (temperate forest)
• ???? (boreal forest)
• ?????? (grassland biome)??
• ???? (tropical grassland)
• ????(temperate grassland)
• ?????? (tundra biome)??
• ????? (arctic tundra)
• ????? (alpine tundra)?

17
???????????

• ????????????
• 1.???? (??) ?????,??????
• ???????
• ??? (producer)
• ????????? (chlorophyll) ????
• ??? (pigment) ????????????
• ?,?????? (?????) ?????
• (??????) ,????????????
• ?????????????????,??
• ??????? (autotroph) ?

18
???????????

• ??? (consumer)
• ??????????,?????????
• ????(??)???????,?????
• ?????????????,??????
• ??????(??)??,????????
• ?(heterotroph)?

19
???????????

• 2.??????????,??????????
• ???????????(trophic level)
• (1) ??? (herbivore)
• (2) ??? (carnivores)
• (3) ??? (omnivores)
• (4) ??? (decomposer)

20
???????????

• 3.????????????,????????
• ?????????????????????
• ?
• (1)??,?????????
• (2)?????????,?????????
• (3)????????,???????????
• ??????????,?????????
• (4)?????????,??????????
• ??

21
???????????

• ?????????
• 1.????????????????????
• ?????,????(resilience)????
• ??,??????????(adaptive capacity)
• ???,?????????
• ????(ecological crisis)??
• (1) ?????????
• (2) ????????
• (3) ????????
• (4) ????

22
??? ????????

• ???? (environmental science) ?????????????????????
  ??????????????,???????????????????????,???????????
  ????????????????
• ?????????????????????????,???????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???

23
????????

• ???????????????????
• 1.????
• 2.???
• 3.????
• 4.????

24
????????

• ?????????????????????
• ??????
• 1.??
• ???1969???????????
• (national environmental policy act),????
• ????????????????,??????
• ??????????????????
• ?????????????????????
• ???????????????????????
• ????????

25
????????

• 2.??
• ????1995???????,?1996??
• ????,??????????????
• ?????????
• 3.????????? (OECD)
• ?????????????,??????
• ??????????,?????????
• ??????????

26
????????

• 4.?????? (APEC)
• ??????????????????,
• ??????????????????????????,?????????????
• ????????,??????????
• ?,???????? (APEC) ??????
• ??????????????
• ????????????????????
• ?,??????????????????
• ????????,???????? (APEC)
• ?????????

27
????????

• 5.??
• ???????????76???,????
• ???????????????????
• ????????????????????
• ????????????????????
• ????????????????????
• ?????????,??????????
• ???

28
??? ???????????

• ??????????
• ????? (environmental ethics) ???
• ????????????????????
• ??????? (environmental philosophy)
• ?????????,???????????
• ??????????????????

29
???????????

• ????????????
• 1.?????????
• ???? (intrinsic value)
• ????????????,?????
• ??????????????????
• ????????,?????????
• ?????? (end) ,???????
• ????,???????????
• (moral thinking) ?????????
• ????????

30
???????????

• ???? (instrumental value)
• ??????????????????
• ?,?????????????????
• ?,?????????????????
• ????? (means),?????????

31
???????????

• 2.?????????
• ?????? (anthropocentricism)
• ????????????,?????
• ?,?????????????????
• ???????????????????
• ???????????????,???
• ?????????????,?????
• ???????????????,???
• ?????????
• ??????????????????
• ?????? (end),?????????
• ???? (means)????????????

32
???????????

• ?????? (biocentricism)
• ????????????????,???
• ????????????????????
• ??????????,????????
• (notebooks on transmutation)?????
• ??????????????,?????
• ??????????????????
• ????????????????????
• ??????????????????????
• ???,??????????????????

33
???????????

• ?????? (ecocentricism)
• ????????????????????
• ????????????????????
• ??????????????,??,??
• (destruction)??????????????
• ???? (ripple effect),???????
• ?????????????

34
???????????

• 3.?????????
• ??????????????,?????
• ??????????????,?????
• ?????
• (1) ????? (meta-ethics)
• (2) ????? (normative ethics)
• (3) ????? (applied ethics)

35
???????????

• ????? (meta-ethics)
• ????????,????????????????????????????????
• ???? (non-realism)
• ????????????????,??
• ???????????????,???
• ??????????
• ??? (realism)
• ???????????????????
• ?,?????????????????
• ??

36
???????????

• ????? (normative ethics)
• ???????????,?????????
• ?????????????????????
• ?????????
• (1)????? (virtue ethics)
• (2)????? (deontological ethics)
• (3)????? (consequentialist ethics)

37
???????????

• ????? (virtue ethics)
• ?????????????????,?????????? (Aristotle)????????
  ????
• ????? (deontological ethics)
• ?????????????,??????? (Immanuel Kant)
  ????????????
• ????? (consequentialist ethics)
• ?????????????????????,??????? (John Stuart
  Mill) ????????????

38
???????????

• ????? (applied ethics)
• ????????????????????
• ???????,?????????????
• ??,?????????????????
• (euthanasia) ????????
• ????????????????????,
• ?????????????????
• (1)????? (shallow ethics)
• (2)????? (intermediate ecological ethics)
• (3)????? (deep ethics)

39
???????????

• ????? (shallow ethics)
• ????????????????????????????,??????????????,????
  ?????????????????????????,?????????????????,??????
  ???????,?????Sylvan ?Bennett??????????? (sole
  value assumption, SVA),????????????????? (human
  chauvinism)???,??????????????????????????,????????
  ?????????,???????????????????,??????????????,?????
  ???????????????????????????????

40
???????????

• ????? (intermediate ecological ethics)
• ????????????????????????
• (greater value assumption,GVA),????????
• ??????,?????????????????
• ????,???????? (????)??????
• ,????(wilderness preservation) ???????
• ???(????),????????????,??
• ?????????????????????????
• Aldo Leopold?????????????????,?
• ?????????????????????????
• ????????(moral extensionism)?

41
???????????

• ????? (deep ethics)
• ?????????,??????????? (ecocentric)
  ???,????,????????? (GVA)???????????????,?????????
  ??????
• ?????????????? (ecofeminism) ??,????????????????
  ????????????? Arne Næss???????? (deep ecology)
  ??????????,??????????
• (biopheric egalitarianism) ???,????,????????????
  ???

42
???????????

• ??????????
• ????????????1970??????
• ??????1960????????????
• ???????,????????????
• ????????????????,???
• ????????????????????
• ??

43
???????????

• ???? (Rachel Louise Carson)?
• ?????? (silent spring)?
• (b) Lynn White jr?????????????
• (the historical roots of our ecologic crisis)?
• (c) Aldo Leopold?
• ????????? (a sand county almanac)?
• (d) Richard Sylvan?
• ?????????????
• (is there a need for a new, an environmental
  ethics?)?
• (e) Holmes Rolston III?
• ??????? (is there an ecological ethic?)?
• (f) Arne Næss?????? (deep ecology)

44
???????????

• ????????????
• ????????????????????
• ?????????????Alan Marshall?
• ?????????
• (1)?????????
• (2)???????
• (3)???????

45
???????????

• ?????????
• ?????????????? (right)
• ????????????????????
• ??????? (meta-ethics) ???
• Michael Smith???????????
• ???????? (biocentric ethic)
• ,?????????????????

46
???????????

• ???????
• ????????????????????
• ??????????????????
• ???????????James Lovelock??
• ??? (gaia hypothesis) ??????,?
• ????????????????????
• ?,??????????????????
• ?????????,??????????
• ????????????????????
• (homeostasis),?????????????
• ???????,????????????
• ????

47
???????????

• ???????
• ????????????,???????
• ???????????????????
• (intrinsic value),???????????
• ??,????????? (end) ?????
• (means),???????????????
• ?,1992??????????????
• (earth summit) ??1997?12?11?????
• ????????????????????
• ??????

48
???????????

• ???????????
• 1.???????
• ???????????????????
• ??????,?????????
• ???,?????????????
• ?,??????????
• ???????????????????
• ???????????????????
• ????????????

49
???????????

• 2. ???????
• ?????????????????????
• ?????????
• ???????????????????
• ?,?????,?????????????
• ????????,????,???????
• ???

50
???????????

• 3.???????
• ??????????(549-623)????
• ??????????,??????
• ?,???????????????,??
• ????????
• ??????(711-782)???????
• ?????????,?????
• ????????????????????
• ???

51
??? ?????????

• ???????????,??????????????????????,?????????????
  
• ???????? (conservation)??????
• ????,???????,????????
• ???????????,???????,?
• ????????
• (1) ????
• (2) ????

52
?????????

• ????
• ????? (conservation ecology)
• ????????????????
• (biological diversity,biodiversity)
• ????????????????????
• ????????????????????
• ?????

53
?????????

• ???? (conservation movement)
• ??????????????,?????
• ??????,????????? (habitat)
• ????????????????????
• ?????????????,??????
• ????????????
• ???????????????????
• ?,?,???????????????
• ?????????????????,??
• ??????????????

54
?????????

• ????
• ???? (sustainability) ???????
• ????????????????????
• ????1987??????????????
• (world commission on environment and
  development)
• ????Brundtland commission)????????
• ????????????????,???
• ??????????????????????

55
?????????

• Hargroves ? Smith?2005??????
• ?????????
• ?????????????????????
• ???????
• (b) ??????????????????
• (c) ????????????????????
• ???????
• (d) ????????????????????
• (e) ??????????????

56
?????????

• (f) ??????????
• (g) ???????????
• (h) ?????????
• (i) ?????????????
• (j) ??????????
• (k) ???????

57
????

• ??????????????
• ??????????????
• ?????????????
• ?????????????????
• ??????????????
• ???????????????????

58
????

• 1. ??? (2004) ,?????????????????,2004?????
• ????????????????
• 2. ??? (2006) ,??"????"????,????,2006?03??
• 3. ??? (2006) ,?????????????????,????????
  ,2006?01??
• 4. ??? (2000),???????????,????????,?13??
• 5. ??? (2003) ,????????????,??????,???,?9-46?
• 6. ??? (2005),?????????????,??????????
  (?????),2005?02??
• 7. ??? (2004) ,??????????????????,????,2004?02??
• 8. ??? (1998),?????????--??????????,?????25?6?,
  (289?), ?553-574?
• 9. ??? (2000) ,???????????,?????? 2579-98?
• 10. ??? (2006) ,????????????,http//www.tepu.org.t
  w/event20060613-4.html?
• 11. ??? (2003),????????????,????????,?26??
• 12. ????? (2002) ,http//lis.ly.gov.tw/npl/fast/03
  707/911119.htm?

59
????

• Acreman, Mike(1999) Water and Ecology Linking
  the Earths Ecosystems to its Hydrological Cycle,
  http//www.cidob.org/Ingles/Publicaciones/Afers/45
  -46acreman.html?
• Curry, Patrick (2003),On Ecological Ethics A
  Critical Introduction,The Campaign for Political
  Ecology?
• International Union for Conservation of Nature
  and Natural Resources(IUCN) (2004)http//www.iucn
  .org/?
• Jenkins, Ronald L. (2007),Biocentricism to
  Ecocentricism,Department of Biology, Samford
  University,Birmingham, AL,USA?
• Massanari, Ronald (1998),A Problematic in
  Environmental Ethics Western and Eastern
  Styles,Buddhist-Christian Studies 18 37-61?
• Pidwirny,Michael (2006),Fundamentals of Physical
  Geography, 2nd Edition. Date Viewed.
  http//www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/cont
  ents.html
• Totem Graphics (2002),A Very Brief of the Origins
  of Environmental Ethics for the
  Novice,http//www.cep.unt.edu/novice.html?
• University of California Museum of Paleontology (
  1996) The Worlds Biome,http//www.ucmp.berkeley.
  edu/exhibits/biomes/index.php?
• UNESCO (2005) UNESCO and Sustainable
  Development,http//unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/
  001393/139369e.pdf?