Chapter 15 Psychological Disorders

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Chapter 15Psychological Disorders
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Substance Abuse and Addictions

• Mental illness

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Substance Abuse and Addictions

• Substance abuse

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Substance Abuse and Addictions

• Olds and Milner (1954)

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Fig. 15-1, p. 452
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Substance Abuse and Addictions

• Other behaviors that release dopamine

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Substance Abuse and Addictions

• Berridge and Robinson (1998)
• Nucleus accombans

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Substance Abuse and Addictions

• Addiction

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Substance Abuse and Addictions

• Withdrawal

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Substance Abuse and Addictions

• Alcohol

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Substance Abuse and Addictions

• The genetic basis for early-onset alcoholism is
  stronger than for later-onset, especially in men.
• Researchers distinguish between two types of
  alcoholism
• Type I/Type A
• Type II/Type B

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Substance Abuse and Addictions

• Type I/Type A characteristics

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Substance Abuse and Addictions

• Type II/Type B characteristic

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Substance Abuse and Addictions

• Twin studies and family studies suggest a genetic
  basis for Type II/Type B alcoholism.

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Substance Abuse and Addictions

• Risk factors for alcoholism

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Substance Abuse and Addictions

• Medications used to combat alcoholism

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Mood Disorders

• Major depression - feeling sad and helpless
  everyday for weeks at a time

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Mood Disorders

• Similar symptoms can result from hormonal
  problems, head injuries, brain tumors, or other
  illnesses.
• Often comorbid with other disorders

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Mood Disorders

• Studies of twins and adopted children suggest a
  moderate degree of heritability.

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Mood Disorders

• Predisposition depends on a variety of genes.
• One identified gene leads to an 80 decrease in
  the brains ability to produce serotonin.
• Most depressed people do not have this gene.
• Those who have the gene have a higher
  predisposition.

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Mood Disorders

• Another gene identified controls the serotonin
  transporter protein.
• Protein controls the ability of the axon to
  reabsorb the neurotransmitter after its release.
• Two short forms of the gene are associated with
  an increased likelihood of depression after
  stressful events.
• Perhaps alters the way people react to stressful
  events.

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Mood Disorders

• Specific hormones are also involved with
  depression.

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Mood Disorders

• Postpartum depression

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Mood Disorders

• Childhood depression is equally common in both
  boys and girls.
• After puberty, depression is twice as common in
  females.
• The finding is consistent across cultures,
  suggesting a biological factor.

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Mood Disorders

• Depression is associated with the specific brain
  activity

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Mood Disorders

• Some cases of depression may be linked to viral
  infection.
• Borna disease

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Mood Disorders

• Categories of antidepressant drugs include
• Tricyclics.
• Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
• MAOIs.
• Atypical antidepressants.

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Fig. 15-9, p. 463
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Mood Disorders

• Tricylclics (imipramine -Tofranil)

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Mood Disorders

• Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
  
• Examples Fluoxetine (Prozac), setraline
  (Zoloft), fluvoxamine (Luvox), citalopram
  (Celexa) and paroxetine (Paxil).

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Mood Disorders

• Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

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Mood Disorders

• Atypical antidepressants - Example bupropion
  (Wellbutrin)

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Mood Disorders

• Exactly how antidepressant drugs work is unclear.

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Mood Disorders

• In some depressed people, neurons in the
  hippocampus and the cerebral cortex shrink.

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Mood Disorders

• Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

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Mood Disorders

• Drawbacks

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Mood Disorders

• Receptive transcranial magnetic stimulation

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Mood Disorders

• Unipolar disorder
• Bipolar disorder (manic-depressive disorder)

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Mood Disorders

• Bipolar disorder I
• Bipolar disorder II -

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Mood Disorders

• Research suggests a heritability basis for
  bipolar disorder (Craddock Jones, 1999).

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Mood Disorders

• Treatments for bipolar
• brain chemical arachidonic acid.

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Schizophrenia

• Schizophrenia

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Schizophrenia

• Causes are not well understood but include a
  large biological component.

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Schizophrenia

• Two cluster of positive symptoms of schizophrenia
  include
• Psychotic
• Disorganized

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Schizophrenia

• Psychotic - consists of delusions and
  hallucinations.
• Delusions
• Hallucinations
• Disorganized

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Schizophrenia

• Negative symptoms

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Schizophrenia

• Twin studies suggest a genetic component.

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Schizophrenia

• Prenatal environment

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Schizophrenia

• One study identified a gene linked to high levels
  of negative symptoms (Fanous et al., 2005).

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Schizophrenia

• The neurodevelopmental hypothesis

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Schizophrenia

• Supporting evidence for the neurodevelopmental
  hypothesis

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Schizophrenia

• Prenatal risk factors increasing the likelihood
  of schizophrenia include
• Poor nutrition of the mother during pregnancy.
• Premature birth.
• Low birth weight.
• Complications during delivery.
• Head injuries in early childhood are also linked
  to increased incidence of schizophrenia.

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Schizophrenia

• Schizophrenia is associated with mild brain
  abnormalities

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Schizophrenia

• Schizophrenia typically develops after the age of
  20 but many show sign at an earlier age.

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Fig. 15-17, p. 476
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Schizophrenia

• Antipsychotic/neuroleptic drugs
• Chlorpromazine

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Schizophrenia

• Two chemical families of drugs used to treat
  schizophrenia include
• Phenothiazines - includes chlorpromazine
• Butyrophenones - includes halperidol (Haldol)
• Both drugs block dopamine synapses.

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Schizophrenia

• Second-generation antipsychotics

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Schizophrenia

• The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia
• Substance-induced psychotic disorder

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Schizophrenia

• Research indicates increased activity
  specifically at the D2 receptor.
• Limitations of the dopamine hypothesis

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Schizophrenia

• The glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia

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Schizophrenia

• Schizophrenia cannot be explained by a single
  gene or single transmitter.
• Dopamine and glutamate may play important roles
  in schizophrenia to different degrees in
  different people.
• Schizophrenia involves multiple genes and
  abnormalities in dopamine, glutamate, serotonin
  and GABA.