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Chilled Beams for Laboratory HVAC Applications




TROX USA
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Chilled Ceilings and Beams Early 1980s




1980
1990
2005
Chilled Ceilings

• Buildings well insulated for heating

• Advent of personal computers

• Need to remove heat from space

• Limited space available

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Principle of Operation Chilled Ceiling Panels




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Radiant Effect on Occupants Chilled Ceiling Panels




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Chilled Ceiling Systems

• Improved thermal comfort
• Typically combined with displacement ventilation
  system
• Low turbulence intensity decreases draft risks

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Chilled Ceiling Systems

• Improved thermal comfort
• Minimal space requirements
• No additional space required in ceiling cavity
• Easy to install in retrofit applications

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Chilled Ceiling Systems

• Improved thermal comfort
• Minimal space requirements
• Low energy cooling solution
• High heat transfer efficiencies using water
• Low transport costs

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Cooling Capacity Comparison
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Chilled Ceiling Systems

• Improved thermal comfort
• Minimal space requirements
• Low energy cooling solution
• Limited Cooling Capacity
• 25 BTUH/FT2 of active panel
• 18 BTUH/FT2 of floor area (based on 70 active
  ceiling)

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Chilled Ceilings and Beams Early 1990s




1980
1990
2000
2005
Chilled Ceilings
Passive Beams

• Increased equipment loads

• Greater occupant densities

• Inadequate perimeter cooling

• Technology revolution

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Passive Chilled Beams

• Ceiling manufacturers begin to sell high free
  area perforation panels competitively
• Convective coils replace ceiling panels

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Passive Chilled Beams
Concrete soffit
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Passive Chilled Beam Air Distribution Pattern




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Passive Chilled Beams




Exposed Beams
Recessed Beams
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Passive Beam Components
Support Rods
Heat Transfer Coil
Separation Skirt
Optional Cabinet
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Passive Chilled Beams Interior Area Installation




H is between 4 and 12 in. Z should be 0.33B
Z
H
B
B x 2
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Passive Chilled Beams Perimeter Installation




B
B x 1.5
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Passive Beam Installations
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Passive Beam Installations
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Chilled Ceilings and Beams Mid 1990s




1980
1990
2000
2005
Chilled Ceilings
Passive Beams
Active Beams

• Continually increasing sensible loads

• Greater occupant densities

• Gypsum board tiles become common

• Combine cooling and ventilation

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Active Chilled Beams




Concrete soffit
Primary air supply
Suspended Ceiling
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Active Chilled Beam Air Distribution Pattern




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Active Chilled Beams

• Sensible loads up to 70 BTUH/FT2
• Primary air delivered at conventional (50 to
  55ºF) temperatures at or near minimum ventilation
  flow rate
• Can be used with fiberglass ceiling tiles or
  without any ceiling

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Active Beam Installation
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Active Beam Installation
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Comparative Energy Costs




1.50
1.00
0.80
Typical Annual HVAC Energy Cost (/FT2)
0.48
VAV System
Passive Beam with Displacement Ventilation
Chilled Ceiling with Natural Ventilation
Active Chilled Beam
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Active Chilled Beams For Laboratory HVAC
Applications




1990
2000
2005
Chilled Ceilings
Passive Beams
Active Beams
Active Beams for Lab HVAC
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Laboratory Design Issues

• Space sensible heat gains of 60 to 70 BTUH/FT2
• Space ventilation requirements of 6 to 8 ACH-1
• Laboratories where chemicals and gases are
  present require 100 OA
• All air systems require 18 to 22 ACH-1 to satisfy
  sensible load

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Active Chilled Beams in a General Use Laboratory




Sensible Heat Gain 65 BTUH/FT2
Ventilation Rate 8 ACH-1
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Active Chilled Beams in a General Use Laboratory




Sensible Heat Gain 65 BTUH/FT2
All Air Solution 18 ACH-1
Ventilation Rate 8 ACH-1
Air-Water Solution 8 ACH-1
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Case Study

• Laboratory Design for Pharmaceutical Company
• Location St. Louis, MO
• Outdoor Design Conditions 94DB/75WB
• Laboratory Space 54,000 FT2
• Minimum Ventilation Rate 8 ACH-1
• Space Sensible Heat Gain 72 BTUH/FT2

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Equipment Requirements
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Cooling Energy Requirement Example
1000 FT2 LAB (10 CLGS)
TSHG 70 BTUH/FT2
VENTILATION 8 ACH-1
8.0
7.0
6.0
TOTAL ENERGY, ALL AIR SOLUTION
5.0
4.0
TOTAL ENERGY, AIR-WATER SOLUTION
TOTAL COOLING ENERGY (kW)
3.0
45
2.0
Chilled beam air side cooling
1.0
Chilled beam water side cooling
65
70
75
80
85
90
60
OUTDOOR TEMPERATURE (F)
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Energy Comparisons Case Study, 93/75F Outdoor
Design

• Active Chilled Beam (Parallel Sensible Cooling)
• Reduced fan power 32 from Base VAV
• Reduced cooling energy 46 from Base VAV
• Reduced ductwork sizes 18-20 ACPH to 6-8 ACH-1
• Higher Pumping energy 15 - Offset by other
  savings
• Higher cooling system efficiencies
• Overall 35 Reduction in Energy Costs

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Energy Comparisons Modified for 80/64F Outdoor
Design

• Active Chilled Beam (Parallel Sensible Cooling)
• Reduced fan power 32 from Base VAV
• Reduced cooling energy 30 from Base VAV
• Reduced ductwork sizes 18-20 ACPH to 6-8 ACH-1
• Higher Pumping energy 15 - Offset by other
  savings
• Higher cooling system efficiencies
• Overall 25 Reduction in Energy Costs

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Equipment Requirements
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Chilled Ceilings and Beams
TROX USA