Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2

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Anatomy and PhysiologyChapter 2
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2.1 Introduction

• Chemistry is the branch of science that considers
  the composition of matter and how this
  composition changes.
• Chemistry is essential for understanding anatomy
  and physiology because body structures and
  functions result from chemical changes within
  cells.

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2.2 Structure of Matter

• Matter is anything that has mass (weight) and
  takes up space. Matter is found in various forms,
  gases, liquids, and solids
• Elements make up all matter.
• Elements are composed of tiny particles called
  atoms.
• The smallest complete units of elements are atoms.

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Atomic Structure

• Nucleus is the central portion of the atom which
  contains neutrons (neutral) and protons
  (positive).
• Electrons, which are extremely small, found
  outside the nucleus in energy shells or levels or
  rings have a negative charge.
• What are the components of an atom that determine
  its electrical charge?
• Protons and electrons

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Drawing atoms

• Atomic number is the number of protons in an
  element.
• The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
  equal the number of electrons in its shells.
• Energy levels or shells
• 1st shell can hold a max of 2 electrons
• 2nd 6th shells can hold a max of 8 electrons

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Drawing atoms continued

• Atomic weight is the number of protons plus
  neutrons.
• SO. Atomic weight atomic number the number
  of neutrons.
• Draw Lithium?

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• The defining characteristic of stable elements is
  the maximum number of electrons in its outer
  shell. Noble gases.
• Unstable elements achieve stable structures by
  gaining, losing, or sharing electrons in their
  energy levels or shells.

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Bond Types 3 Main Types

• Ionic bond between a metal and nonmetal they
  transfer electrons forming ions.
• Ion atoms that gain or lose electrons (-) become
  electrically charged.
• Covalent bond between two nonmetals they share
  electrons.
• When atoms combine with other atoms, they can
  share an electron with another atom, lose an
  electron or gain an electron.
• Hydrogen Bonds

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Molecules and Compounds

• A molecule is formed when two or more atoms
  combine.
• If atoms of different elements combine, the
  resulting structure can also be called a
  compound. Examples Baking soda, sugar
• Molecular formula represents the numbers and
  types of atoms in a molecule. Examples H2O
  C6H12O6
• Structural formulas show what molecules look
  like.

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Structural Formation
You do Not need in your notes
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Chemical Reactions 4 Types

• Synthesis when two or more atoms or reactants
  bond to form a new, more complex structure.
  Synthesis requires energy and is important to the
  growth of body parts.
• Decomposition the opposite of synthesis
• Single Replacement
• Double Replacement

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• Catalysts affect the speed of a reaction but is
  not consumed by the reaction.
• Electrolytes contains electrically charged
  particles (ions), it will conduct an electric
  current. When electrically charged ions
  disassociate in water, the solution will conduct
  electricity. Example Salt water

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Acids and Bases

• pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. It indicates how
  acidic something is.
• Acids have pH less than 7
• Neutral pH equal to 7
• Bases have pH greater than 7

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2.3 Chemical Constituents of Cells

• 2 types of chemicals
• Organic must contain carbon and hydrogen but may
  contain other elements as well. (C6H12O6) Living
  things or once living things.
• Inorganic all the other compounds (H20) do NOT
  contain C.

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Inorganic Compounds

• Water
• Oxygen
• Carbon Dioxide
• Salts

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Water

• In the human body, water plays an important role
  in dissolving solid substances, moving chemicals
  around the body, and absorbing and moving heat
• Is the most abundant compound in cells and is a
  solvent in which chemical reactions occur.
• Transports chemicals and heat.

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Oxygen

• Releases energy from glucose and other nutrients.
• This energy drives metabolism.

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Carbon Dioxide

• Is an inorganic substances that is a metabolic
  waste product, exhaled from the lungs.

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Salts

• Provide a variety of ions that metabolic
  processes require.

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Organic Compounds

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic acids

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Carbohydrates

• Supply most of the energy needed by cells
• Composed of what 3 elements? C,H,O
• Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
• Disaccharides are two sugars joined together
• Polysaccharides, such as starch, are built of
  many sugars.
• Humans synthesize the complex carbohydrate called
  glycogen.

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Lipids

• Lipids made of C,H,O but in different amounts
• Lipids include fats (most common), steroids, and
  phospholipids.
• A fat that has all of its carbon atoms joined by
  single carbon to carbon bonds is said to be
  saturated. (solid at room temp, bad for you)
• Unsaturated fats (liquid at room temp, good for
  you, double bonds)
• Cholesterol, estrogens, and testosterone are all
  steroids.
• A phospholipid typically has two fatty acid
  chains and a phosphate group.

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Proteins

• Proteins have a great variety of functions in the
  body---as structural materials, as energy
  sources, as certain hormones, as receptors on
  cell membranes, as antibodies, and as enzymes to
  catalyze metabolic reactions.
• Proteins contain what 4 elements? C,H,O,N
  Sometimes S
• Building blocks of proteins are the amino acids
  (20)
• Proteins have complex shapes held together by
  hydrogen bonds. (their many shapes changes their
  functions)
• Protein shapes, which determine how proteins
  function, can be altered by pH, temperature,
  radiation, or chemicals. H bonds break this is
  called denatured.

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Amino Acids
You do NOT need in your notes

• Alanine  
• Glutamic acid     
• Leucine  
• Serine  
• Arginine  
• Glutamine  
• Lysine  
• Threonine  
• Asparagine  
• Glycine  
• Methionine

• 12.  Tryptophan     
• 13. Aspartic acid     
• 14. Histidine  
• 15. Phenylalanine     
• 16. Tyrosine  
• 17. Cysteine  
• 18. Isoleucine  
• 19. Proline  
• 20. Valine
• (NOTE the 8 essential amino acids are in red. 
  These cannot be synthesized by the human body and
  must be obtained from food. Arginine and
  histidine are essential only for children.)

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Nucleic Acids

• Nucleic acids form genes and take part in protein
  synthesis.
• They contain the elements C,H,O,N,P
• The building blocks are called nucleotides.
• Nucleic acids are of two major types DNA (with
  deoxyribose) and RNA (with ribose).

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DNA RNA

• Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA (deoxyribonucleic
  acid) stores the molecular code in genes.
• How many strands does it have? 2
• Deoxy means without Oxygen
• Ribonucleic acid RNA (ribonucleic acid)
  functions in protein synthesis.
• How many strands does it have? 1

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Clinical Connection

• Prion protein can assume up to 12 different
  shapes before prion was discovered it was
  believed protein shape was always 3-D
• Some prions are infectious mad cow disease
• Some prions are not infectious Alzheimer
  disease which cause gummy plaques in the brain
  and disrupt functioning.
• Some forms of Alzheimer disease may be caused by
  protein misfolding

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Work cited

• Chemistry Image. www.aperfectworld.org/healthcare_
  medicine.html
• DNA image. www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/origins/knoll.htm
  l
• Structural formula image.
• www.chemistry.mtu.edu/pages/courses/courses/ch4412