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Emerging Technologies For Geotextiles(Geosynthetic
s)
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Technical Textiles
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Global market scenario for geosynthetics

• Global market has grown to US 3000 Million in
  2009
• Global growth of geosyntethics is estimated by 5
• Geosyntethics account for 0,8 of the total
  technical textile segment
• India
• Geotextiles market is approx. RS. 226 crores
• Rs. 105 crores imported production
• RS. 121 crores domestic production
• expected growth is 12, on long term up to 20

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Geosynthetics

• Geosynthetics is a generic term that is used to
  describe a product with at least one component
  manufactured of synthetic or natural polymer ,for
  use with soil, rock or other materials used in
  public works projects.
• Types of geosynthetics
• Geogrid
• Geotextile
• Geocomposite

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Geosynthetics - Functions

• Reinforcement-Improving mechanical properties of
  soil
• Separation-Long term functionality of all
  structural layers is provided by the use of
  geosynthetic material between two dissimilar
  geotechnical materials to prevent mixing.
• (Such requirement is there for roads railways)
• Erosion control-To prevent the surface erosion of
  soil particles because of water/wind forces.

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Geosynthetics - Applications

• Reinforcement -
• Basal Reinforcement/Ground stabilisation--Use of
  geosynthetic material for improvement of load
  bearing capacity.Geosynhetic materials are
  utilised to balance eneven settling,absorb
  loading forces reduce the thickness of
  expensive coarse grained material.
• Supporting structures -Retaining walls Bridge
  Abutments While constructing supporting
  structures or steep embankments of soil, shear
  strength of which would be exceeded in normal
  circumstances. It is possible to achieve the
  required safety using horizontal reinforcement of
  embankment layers with geosynthetic
  material(geogrid or geotextile)
• The face wall can be made of Concrete
  elements ( prefabricated blocks, panels).
• It can also be made as a Soft Face ( by
  wrapped-around method).
• Asphalt reinforcement-Asphalt layers have low
  strength,Glassgrids or geocomposites are used to
  increase the strength of the asphalt layer
  ensure its uniform distribution in larger areas.
• They prevent formation sprading of
  reflex cracks by absorption of shear forces.

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Geogrid

• GEOGRIDS are geosynthetics formed by a regular
  network of integrally connected elements with
  apertures greater than 10mm to 100mm to allow
  interlocking with surrounding soil, rock, earth
  and other surrounding materials to function
  primarily as reinforcement

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Geogrids woven grids for the use in roads, dams,
railways
A wide spectrum of manmade fibers and natural
fibers
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Geogrids - Functions

• Soil reinforcement
• They are used primarily for soil reinforcement.
  Their strength can be greater than the more
  common geotextiles. Geogrids have a low strain
  and stretch only about 2 to 5 under load.
• The most important characteristics of geogrids
  are high water drainage combined with exceptional
  mechanical strength and long term creep
  resistance.
• 2. Soil stabilization

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Geogrids - Applications

• Soil reinforcements in embankments and walls
• Subgrade stabilization

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Uniaxial Geogrids - Applications
segmental block retaining walls, slope
reinforcement, pile cap platforms and base
reinforcement applications such as roads, car
parks and rail line construction.
Biaxial Geogrids - Applications
Equipped with dual directional strength combined
with the interlocking system, Merex BL products
are specially designed for foundation
applications.
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Geogrids - Applications
Biaxial Geogrid Sub-grade Stabilisation
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Geogrids - Applications
Biaxial Geogrid Ground Improvement for Tank
Foundation
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Geogrids are open mesh but also closed
constructions
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Geogrids - Applications
Biaxial Geogrid Installation of Geogrid at
balast level
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Glassgrid-A type of Geogrid
The GlassGrid Pavement Reinforcement System
provides additional support to resist the
migration of reflective cracks in pavement
structures.
Cracks migrate toward surface in unreinforced
overlay.
Cracks are redirected in GlassGrid reinforced
overlay.
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Glassgrid

• Glassgrid is an exceptionally strong reinforcing
  material specially developed for pavements.
• It consists of glass fibre strands arranged in a
  grid structure and covered with a polymer coating
  and a pressure sensitive adhesive.
• Each strand has a remarkably high tensile
  strength and high modulus of elasticity at low
  elongation.
• This combination of outstanding tensile strength
  and high modulus makes Glasgrid actually stronger
  than steel.

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Geotextile

• Geotextiles form one of the two largest group
  of Geosynthetics.
• They are textiles in the traditional sense, but
  consist of natural fibers like jute, coir or
  synthetic fibers depending on the requirement,
  mainly whether biodegradation is desired or not.
• These are fabric or cloth-like materials that are
  classified based on the method used to
  manufacture the fabric either woven or
  non-woven.

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Geotextile - types

• Woven monofilament

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Geotextile - types

• Woven multifilament

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Geotextile - types

• Woven Slit film

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Geotextile

• Woven Geotextile
• Woven construction produces geotextiles with high
  strengths and moduli in the warp and fill
  directions and low elongations at rupture.
• Woven construction produces geotextiles with a
  simple pore structure and narrow range of pore
  sizes or openings between fibers.
• Woven geotextiles are commonly plain woven, but
  are sometimes made by twill weave or leno weave
  (a very open type of weave).
•  
• Woven geotextiles can be composed of
  monofilaments or multifilament yarns made up of
  PE,PVA,PP or natural textile material.

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Geotextiles Mass per unit area - Fabric in
comparison with nonwovens
up to 5x higher
Source material report Hochschule Rapperswil
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Geotextiles Elongation - Fabric in comparison
with nonwovens
Source material report Hochschule Rapperswil
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Geotextile - Applications

• Separation
• Reinforcement

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Geotubes -Main Applications

• Dewatering solutions
• Geotubes used in artificial Island projects
• Shoreline (Coastal) protection

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Geotubes

• Dewatering
• Solution

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DORNIER weaving machines can contribute to an
efficient production of various types of
geosynthetics.
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Geogrids in closed and open constructions ...
... used for geotextile and agriculture purposes
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Online coating procedure on DORNIER rapier
machines
..offers stress- free insertion for all kinds of
yarns
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Positive weft yarn handling through the entire
weft insertion
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No guiding elements in the shed
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Open shed insertion system
DORNIER unique open shed insertion guarantees
equal weft tension over the full fabric width,
minimum friction between warp and weft  
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Main parameters for Geogrids
PP, PES, Glass, Jute,
material tensile strength mesh size
40 400 kN/m and more
10x10 mm 19x28 mm 31x31 mm
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Example for Geogrid-Specification
material
mesh size
tensile strength
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Example for Geogrid-Construction
x mm
Mesh size 20 x 20 mm
Web size in weft direction
Web size is not fixed in specification!
x mm
Web size in warp direction
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Example for Geogrid-Calculation
1. Requested tensile strength of e.g. 109
kN/m 2. Requested textile type PET (Polyester
high tenacity) 3. Search for fiber type with high
tensile strength e.g. 82.5 cN/tex 4. Search for
standard yarn-types with parameters e.g. 1100
dtex 2200 dtex 5. Evaluation of the yarn tensile
strength e.g. 0.088 kN 0.176 kN 6. Evaluation
of number of threads e.g 1239 619 7. Addition
of 10 more threads for loss in
production 1362 681 8. Requested mesh size of
e.g. 20 x 20 mm 9. Preestimated width of the
web size 9 mm 6 mm 10. Evaluation of number of
meshes per meter here e.g. 34 38 11. Evaluation
of number of threads per mesh here
e.g. 27 14 12. Evaluation of the yarn-diameter
here e.g. 0.337 mm 0.477 mm 13. Exspected
Web-size in warp-direction here e.g. 9.1 mm 6.7
mm 14. With different patterns the web size can
be influenced End of the first run! Second
run! Pos. 9 - 13 Adjustment of the proportion of
mesh-size and web-size.
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Geogrid-Construction
14 weft threads in double weft insertion (7
picks)
7 mm
Mesh size 20 x 20 mm
Web size in weft direction
Tolerance in mesh size /- 3 mm
14 warp threads
6 mm
Web size in warp direction
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Geogrid made with Leno
leno thread
face side
reverse side
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Online coating procedure on DORNIER rapier
machines
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Coating-material as online coating is required in
most cases

• PVC
• Bitumen
• Latex
• Plastisol
• Silicon

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Glass fabric woven on DORNIER rapier or airjet
machines
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Reinforcements for facades Glass roving 68 to
600 tex
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Today and furture markets / building industry

• reinforcement and repair of concrete components
• silos / tanks
• bridges / highway lanes
• tunnels / tubes
• Delicate structures and elements of facades
• Vibration damping
• Explosion protection / earthquake protection

Reinforcement of concrete support structures with
carbon grid fabrics and UD structures
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Composition of glass yarn fabrics ...
... used as wall paper - fireresistand
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Producers

• Hüsker (D)
• Propex (D)
• Synteen/Lückenhaus (D)
• Edilfloor (I)
• Low Bonar (GB) (MehlerTexnologies gehört LB)
• TenCate (NL)
• Kordarna (CZ)
• Stradom (PL)

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DORNIER weaving machines are the most reliable
instruments having the widest potential for the
production of technical fabrics
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