Career Theory - Review

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Career Theory - Review

• Parsons
• Holland
• Super
• Krumboltz
• Gottfredson

• Trait and Factor
• Person-Environment Matching
• Life Span/Life Space
• Social Learning Theory of Career Decision
  Making / Learning Theory of Career Counseling
• Circumscription, Compromise, and Self-Creation

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Trait and Factor(Frank Parsons)

• Matching men to jobs
• Identify individuals traits
• Know workplace factors
• Match individual to the ONE right job

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Person-Environment Matching(John Holland)

• Individuals express their personalities through
  their vocational interests
• Individuals seek out work environments in which
  they can fully utilize their skills and abilities
  and express their attitudes and values
• Individuals and work environments can be
  classified respectively by their personalities
  and personality requirements into 1 or some
  combination of 6 categories

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Person-Environment Matching(John Holland)
Realistic
Conventional
Investigative
Enterprising
Artistic
Social
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Life Span / Life Space(Donald E. Super)

• Life Span Developmental
• 5 Stages
• Growth
• Exploration
• Establishment
• Maintenance
• Disengagement

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Life Span / Life Space(Donald E. Super)

• Life Space Theatres

• Child
• Student
• Leisurite

• Citizen
• Worker
• Homemaker

• Spouse
• Parent
• Pensioner

• Qualities of roles
• Bandwith
• Salience
• Intensity

• Problem
• Role Spillover

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Social Learning Theory of Career Decision Making
SLTCDM(John Krumboltz)

• 4 factors influence career decision making
• Genetic endowments and special abilities
• Environmental events and conditions
• Instrumental and associative learning experiences
• Task approach skills

• 4 primary ways factors influence career decisions
• Self-observation generalizations
• Worldview generalizations
• Task approach skills
• Actions

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Learning Theory of Career Counseling LTCC(John
Krumboltz)

• Typical career concerns
• Indecision (goal absence incapable of deciding)
• Undecided (lack of information)
• Unrealism (high aspirations)
• Multipotentiality (equal alternative conflict)

• Typical LTCC interventions
• Help clients acquire more accurate
  self-observation generalizations
• Help clients acquire more accurate worldview
  generalizations
• Learn new task approach skills
• Take appropriate career-related actions

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Circumscription, Compromise, and
Self-Creation(Linda Gottfredson)

• Circumscription Process of eliminating
  unacceptable occupational alternatives based
  primarily upon gender and prestige
• Guided by 5 principles
• Children capable of understanding and organizing
  complex information
• Occupational preferences reflect attempts to
  implement and enhance self-concept
• Children integrate complex distinctions among
  people (prestige) while integrating the more
  concrete phenomena (sex roles)
• Children progressively eliminate occupational
  options as self-concept complexity and clarity
  increases
• Process is gradual and not readily obvious

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Circumscription, Compromise, and
Self-Creation(Linda Gottfredson)

• Principles operate throughout 4 cognitive stages
  which describe process
• Orientation to size and power
• Orientation to sex roles
• Orientation to social valuation
• Orientation to internal, unique self

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Circumscription, Compromise, and
Self-Creation(Linda Gottfredson)

• Compromise Modifying occupational choices in
  light of limiting factors, whether internally or
  externally imposed
• Tolerable-effort boundary
• Tolerable-level boundary
• Tolerable-sextype boundary
• Zone of acceptable alternatives
• Self-Creation Included in circumscription
  process altering self-concept in light of
  developmental or environmental factors

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Circumscription, Compromise, and
Self-Creation(Linda Gottfredson)

• Compromise Modifying occupational choices in
  light of limiting factors, whether internally or
  externally imposed
• Tolerable-effort boundary
• Tolerable-level boundary
• Tolerable-sextype boundary
• Zone of acceptable alternatives

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Circumscription, Compromise, and
Self-Creation(Linda Gottfredson)
High
Psychiatrist
Surgeon
Federal Judge
Tolerable-Effort Boundary
Elementary Teacher
High School Teacher
Prestige
Real Estate Agent
Zone of Acceptable Alternatives
Nurse
Tolerable-Sextype Boundary
Receptionist
Tolerable-Level Boundary
Construction Worker
Low
Feminine
Masculine
Sextype Rating
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Circumscription, Compromise, and
Self-Creation(Linda Gottfredson)

• Self-Creation Included in circumscription
  process altering self-concept in light of
  developmental or environmental factors

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Career Theory - Whats New

• Lent, Brown, Hackett
• Peterson, Sampson, Reardon, Lenz
• Hansen

• Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT)
• Cognitive Information Processing (CIP)
• Integrative Life Planning (ILP)

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Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT)

• Robert W. Lent
• Steven D. Brown
• Gail Hackett

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SCCT - Influences

• Cognitive variables and processes
• Personal agency
• Constructivism
  

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SCCT - Goals

• To trace connections between persons and their
  career-related contexts
• To trace connections between cognitive and
  interpersonal factors
• To trace connections between self-directed and
  externally imposed influences
• Intended to build conceptual linkages with other
  theories of career development
• Offer a potentially unifying framework
• How Holland types develop
  
• How learning experiences influence interests in
  Krumboltzs theory
• What factors affect differential role salience in
  Supers theory
• How people acquire abilities in Dawis and
  Loftquists Theory of Work Adjustment

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SCCT Central concepts and assumptions

• Person-environment interaction is dynamic and
  situation specific
• People are products AND producers of their
  environments
• Key Theoretical Constructs
• Self-efficacy
• Outcomes expectations
• Goals

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Development of Basic Career Interests over
Time (Lent, Brown, Hackett, 1994)
Perceived Abilities
Self-Efficacy
Sources of Self-Efficacy and Outcome Expectations
Intentions/ Goals for Activity Involvement
Activity Selection and Practice
Performance Attainments (e.g., goal fulfillment,
skill development
Interest
Outcome Expectations
Values
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Person, Contextual, and Experiential Factors
Affecting Career-Related Choice Behavior (Lent,
Brown, Hackett, 1993)
Person Inputs -Predispositions -Gender -Ethnicity
-Disability/Health Status
Contextual Influences Proximal to Choice Behavior
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Self-Efficacy
moderate
11
moderate
1
10
7
Learning Experiences
Performance Domains and Attainments
Choice Goals
Choice Actions
Interest
3
4
5
8
9
2
Outcome Expectations
Background Contextual Affordances
6
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SCCT Intervention Implications

• Expanding interests and facilitating choice
• Overcoming barriers to choice and success
• Developing and modifying self-efficacy perceptions

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Cognitive Information Processing CIP

• Developers
• Gary W. Peterson
• James P. Sampson
• Robert C. Reardon
• Janet G. Lenz

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Cognitive Information Processing CIP

• Give a man a fish and he will eat for a day.
  Teach a man to fish and he will eat for a
  lifetime.

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CIP in context

• Theoretically integrative
• Trait Factor (Parsons)
• P/E Matching (Holland)
• Earlier decision theories (Janis Mann Katz
  Gelatt, Tiedeman)
• SLTCDM (Krumboltz)

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CIP definitions

• Career problem
• Career problem solving
• Career decision making
• Career development
• Lifestyle

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CIP 4 Assumptions

• Career decision making involves interaction
  between cognitive and affective processes
• Decision making capacity depends upon
  availability of cognitive operations and
  knowledge
• Career development is ongoing and cognitive
  structures continually evolve
• Enhancing information processing skills is the
  goal of career counseling

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CIP 3 Dimensions

• Pyramid of information processing
• CASVE cycle of decision making skills
• Executive processing domain

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CIP Pyramid of Information Processing
Executive Processing Domain
Meta- cognitions
Generic Information-Processing Skills (CASVE)
Decision Making Skills Domain
Knowledge Domains
Occupational Knowledge
Self-Knowledge
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CIP CASVE Cycle of Decision Making Skills
External or Internal Problem Signals
External or Internal Problem Signals
Communication (Identifying a gap)
Execution (Forming means-ends strategies
Analysis (Interrelating problem components)
Synthesis (Creating likely Alternatives)
Valuing (Prioritizing Alternatives)
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CIP Executive Processing Domain

• Metacognitive skills
• Self-talk
• Self-awareness
• Monitoring and control

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CIP Intervention Implications

• Foci are the three domains
• Acquisition of knowledge
• Acquisition of decision-making skills
• Development of executive processing domain
• Specifics
• Teaching decision making skills before problems
  become apparent
• Helping students identify and utilize information
  sources
• Assessment for self-knowledge
• Applying CASVE to help clients solve specific
  problems
• Disputing irrational beliefs (developing positive
  self-talk)
• Help clients develop internal locus of control
• Help clients understand what success looks like

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Integrative Life Planning ILP(L. Sunny Hansen)

• Focuses on adult career development
• New worldview
• Addresses diversity issues
• Holistic integration
• Personal agency
• Connections

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ILP 4 Assumptions

• Nature of knowledge changing demanding new ways
  of knowing
• Connections in life are important
• Broader kinds of self-knowledge and societal
  knowledge are critical
• Career counseling needs to focus on career
  professionals as change agents

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ILP 6 Career Development Tasks

• Finding work that needs doing in changing global
  contexts
• Weaving our lives into a meaningful whole
• Connecting family and work
• Valuing pluralism and diversity
• Managing personal transitions and organizational
  change
• Exploring spirituality and life purpose

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ILP Intervention Implications

• Focus on developmental tasks
• Understand them
• See interrelatedness
• Prioritize tasks according to personal needs
• Teach approach to life planning
• Connectedness
• Wholeness
• Community