Patterns of Organization

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Patterns of Organization
THE LISTING PATTERN
gt facts, details, examples listed in sentences
after main idea
gt sometimes listed in order of importance
gt most often no specific order required
WHAT
HOW
The government of Rhode Island was based on
four principles. First, all people were equal.
Second, the government received its power from
the people. Third, the government was not to
interfere with freedom of conscience. Fourth,
the governments main job was to protect and
insure the rights of the citizens. These
four principles formed the basis of the
government of Rhode Island.
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EXAMPLE 2
WHAT
HOW
The government of Rhode Island was based on
four principles. One was that all people were
equal. Another was that the government received
its power from the people. Still another was
that the government was not to interfere with
freedom of conscience. Finally, the governments
main job was to protect and insure the rights of
the citizens. These four principles formed
the Basis of the government of Rhode Island.
Listing Pattern Signal Words
some others still others furthermore first,
second, etc. finally
and too also one another
several various many numerous
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All people equal
Government received power from people
Principles on which the Government of
Rhode Island was based
Govs main job- protect / insure rights of
citizens
No gov. interference with freedom of conscience
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THE SEQUENCE PATTERN

• events, steps in processes, etc.
• specific order required
• chronological
• sequential
• spatial, etc.

WHAT
HOW
The colonists war for independence was
marked by four major events. First, the battle
of Lexington and Concord occurred when the
British clashed with the colonists on April 19,
1775. Second, The British drove the
Americans From their positions at Bunker Hill on
June 17, 1775. Third, General Washington gained
a victory at Princeton on Jan- ary 3, 1777.
Fourth, on October 19, 1781, the British
surren- dered in the wars last major battle.
These four major events were deciding factors in
the colonists war for ind.
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SIGNAL WORDS OF SEQUENCE PATTERN
previously next meanwhile after after
that formerly last
before how when subsequently ultimately immediat
ely
initially presently first, second,etc. later final
ly then
4 Major Events in Colonists War for Independence
Clash at Lexington and Concord
April 19,1775
American victory at Bunker Hill
June 17, 1775
Washingtons victory at Princeton
Jan. 3, 1777
British surrender at Yorktown
Oct. 19, 1781
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THE COMPARE / CONTRAST PATTERN
gt similarities / differences
gt only differences
gt two or more persons, places, things
WHAT
During the War for Independence, the British
and American armies were very different. The
British army was composed of professional
soldiers, while the American army was made up of
civilians who knew little about mili- tary
strategy and were untrained for warfare.
Although the British were skilled soldiers, the
colonists had one advan- tage- they were more
familiar with the terrain than their enemy. The
English used cash and credit to outfit their army
with uniforms, arms, and ammunition, but the
American troops usually supplied their own arms
and often wore only the clothing of the day,
because there was no official govern- ment with
tax or money or credit. All of these facts
demon- strate how different the British and
American armies were when the fought in the War
for Independence.
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SIGNAL WORDS ( C / C )
COMPARE
CONTRAST
whereas although in contrast unlike for all
that even though
but on the other hand in spite of conversely despi
te however nonetheless on the contrary rather neve
rtheless notwithstanding though yet regardless
as similarly at the same time like as well as in
comparison both all by the same token furthermore
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Differences between British and American armies
BRITISH AMERICAN professional
soldiers civilians - no strategy untrained
for warfare skilled but on foreign unskilled
but familiar soil with terrain Official
Government No Official Government cash, credit
uniforms, own arms arms, ammunition wore
clothing of day
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BRITISH ARMY AMERICAN ARMY
Quality of Military
Location of Battles
Ability to Finance War Effort
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THE CAUSE / EFFECT PATTERN

• WHAT happened? (effect)
• WHY did it happen? (cause)

Why
In order to refill the treasury depleted by
its many wars, What the English Parliament
passed the Stamp Act in 1765. It required
colonists to buy stamps to be placed on
legal papers, diplomas and newspapers. The
angry colonists, already burdened heavily,
protested, since they believed that they were
being taxed without being represented. As a
result, the Stamp Act was repealed in 1776.
WHY (did it happen)
WHAT (happened)
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SIGNAL WORDS - CAUSE / EFFECT PATTERN
CAUSE EFFECT reason outcom
e due to result on account of as a
result leads to therefore led to
thus since consequently because
hence for this reason finally
CAUSES
EFFECTS
war debts - drain on Stamp act treasury Colonist
s protests repeal of Stamp Act taxation
without representation
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LISTING PATTERN SS What were the
main points of Washingtons farewell
address? Sci Name and explain the functions
of the skeleton. ILA Name and discuss
three character traits exhibited by
Richard in the story Hunger. Math Name
four polygons and describe each. Culture Name
and describe four famous landmarks
of Paris. Health Name and explain at least
three ways alcohol abuse destroys
the body.
CONTENT QUESTIONS
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SEQUENCE PATTERN
SS How does a bill become a law? SCI Explain
how the respiratory system works. LA Summarize
the plot of the story Hunger. Math Explain the
steps necessary to solve the equation
2x 4 12. Culture What were the high points
of Charles de Gauls life? Health How
does a fetus change each trimester?
CONTENT QUESTIONS
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COMPARE / CONTRAST PATTERN
SS Contrast the Federalists and the
Democratic Republicans. SCI Compare
the amoeba, paramecium, euglena. LA
Compare Richards and Margots reactions to
the abuse they experienced at the hands of
their parents. Math Compare the associative
and distributive properties. Culture
Compare the average day of a student in
France to that of an American student. Health
Compare the precautions taken today to
protect the blood supply with those taken
twenty years ago.
CONTENT QUESTIONS
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CAUSE AND EFFECT PATTERN
SS What is gerrymandering? What are
some frequent results of this practice? SCI
What are the effects of hard water in a home?
LA How did Mr. Wrights abandoning his family
affect Richards life? Math Why is the
answer to this problem incorrect?
2x 7 3x 1 1 1 2x 8
3x -2x -2x 8 x
CONTENT QUESTIONS
Culture How does the diet of the French people
result in such a small percentage of obese
citizens? Health What is the cause of herpes?
What effects does it have on the lives of
those who have it?
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STEPS TO ANSWER AN ESSAY QUESTION
STEP 1 Read the question then underline key
words. WHAT HOW STEP 2 Decide on the pattern
of organization you must follow listing,
sequence, compare/ contrast, cause /
effect STEP 3 Use the words in the question to
create a topic sentence. WHAT HOW STEP
4 Create an appropriate organizer and fill
it with facts, ideas, examples, etc. STEP
5 Put facts, ideas, examples into
sentence combining when possible. (Use
signal words of pattern)
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STEP 6 Create an ending sentence by restating
the topic sentence is some way.
These are the facts, ideas, etc. For these
reasons Because of the facts mentioned above,
it is obvious that
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EXAMPLE Name and explain the functions of the
skeleton.
WHAT
HOW
S 1 Name and explain the functions of the
skeleton.
LISTING PATTERN (one, another, also,
finally,etc)
S 2
S 3
There are four functions of the skeleton. The
skeleton has several functions.
S 4
Function
Explanation
Shape supports soft stuff /stands up/
blob Muscle Attac. gives body ability to move
Makes blood marrow, red blood cells, oxygen
Protection vital organs- heart, lungs,
brain, spinal cord
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S 5 One function is that the skeleton gives the
body shape because without it we would be
blobs. Another is that the bones
provide a place for muscles to attach so
that they can allow our bodies to move.
Still another function is that red blood cells
are made in the marrow of the bones.
These cells carry oxygen to all parts of
the body. Also, the bones protect the
vital organs of the body the rib cage protects
the heart and lungs the skull protects
the brain and the spinal column protects
the spinal cord. S 6 These are the
important functions the skeleton performs
in the human body.
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• Simple interrogative sentence.
• Simple imperative sentence.
• Multi-part question (some combination
• of above or compound sentences.)
• Response to statement or quote.

VARY QUESTION FORMAT
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1. What are the components of the blood?
2. Name the components of the blood.

• What are the components of the blood?
• Which do you think are the most impor-
• tant? Why?

VARY QUESTION FORMAT

• More than 500 years ago the Incas of
• South America transfused blood through
• a tube from a healthy person to an
• injured one. Although they knew nothing
• about blood, few if any people died.
• When western European doctors tried
• this in the 1600s, many died. How might
• the different outcomes be explained?

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RESPONDING TO PROMPTS

• Read prompt and underline key words.
• Decide what type of writing is required.
• Descriptive
• (Essay) Listing Compare /
  Contrast Sequence
• Narrative Cause /
• Persuasive Effect
• 3. Recall elements of the type.
• Create and fill in appropriate organizer.
• (signal words?)

• Put organizer ideas into sentences. Combine
  when possible.

6. Write concluding sentence appropriate to type.
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SCENARIOS

• Some say Franklin D. Roosevelt was the best
  president
• in the history of this country.
  Respond._____________
• Write several paragraphs telling about the most
• embarrassing day of your life.___________________
  _
• Take a pro or con position on the topic of stem
  cell
• research in a letter to the editor of your
  citys most
• widely read newspaper._______________________
• At the age of 18 you will have the right to vote.
  Which
• political party will you join?
  Why?________________
• If, as a student of the Spanish language, you
  were
• given a choice of Spanish cities to visit, which
  would
• you choose? Why?_____________________

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• Name your favorite kind of music. Tell a friend
  who doesnt share your opinion why your favorite
  is preferable to his / hers.______________________
  _
• 7. What advice would you give a teenager who is
  looking for a plan to stay physically and
  mentally fit over the course of his
  life?____________________
• 8. The saying Honesty is the best policy has
  long been held by most Americans as true. Do you
  agree? Why or why not?_____________________

READ PLAN WRITE REVISE / EDIT (if time permits)
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• A local animal rights organization does
• not like the citys dog leash ordinance.
• The organization coordinates a protest
• march, making sure their permits are in
• order. The day of the march, the leader
• is jailed. Is the arrest legal? Explain.

SCENARIOS
10. A man is caught stealing a loaf of bread
from a local store. He is arrested and
convicted of a crime. The judge gives him
30 days in jail and ordered that his right
hand be cut off. The sentence was struck
down. Why?
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• A mans religion expresses a belief
• in multiple marriage. As an expression
• of that religion, the man takes four
• wives. The state he lives in arrested him
• on a charge of polygamy. Doesnt he
• have the right to practice his religion?
• Is his arrest legal? Explain.

SCENARIOS
Assignment Choose an amendment in the Bill of
Rights. Write an original scenario to pose to
your classmates.
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Time has a doomsday book, on whose pages he is
continually recording illustrious names. But as
often as a new name is written there, an old one
disappears. Only a few stand in illuminated
characters never to be effaced. Henry
Wadsworth Longfellow
SAT Essay Sample
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ASSIGNMENT Are there some heroes who
will be remem- bered forever? Or are all heroes
doomed to be forgotten one day? Plan your
response, then write an essay to explain your
views on this issue. Be sure to support your
position with specific points and examples.
(You may use personal examples or examples
from your reading, observations, or knowledge
of subjects such as history, literature,
science.)
SAT Essay Sample
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WHAT HOW
Remembered? Forgotten?
heroes
Type of Writing
Elements of Type
Opinion Essay
Thesis statement Introductory Para. Reasons
1,2,3 Supports facts, examples Concluding
Para. Satisfactory Ending
Facts, Ex.,etc.
Heroes
Reason R/F
Organizer
Chart
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Introductory Paragraph
Basic Premise Thesis Statement
or
and all reasons
Reason 1
Examples Facts Observations
Reason 2
Examples Facts Observations
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Reason 3
Examples Facts Observations
Concluding Paragraph - Restatement of
Introductory Paragraph
Satisfactory Ending