Vaccination Experience in AI Control in Indonesia

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Vaccination Experience in AI Control in Indonesia

• Elly Sawitri Siregar
• Coordinator, HPAI-Campaign Management Unit
• Ministry of Agriculture
• Seminar 5-Vaccination against AI Issues and
  Strategies Within the Context of an Overall
  Control Program
• Organized by
• World Bank, FAO, OIE and Tokyo Development
  Learning Center
• March 19, 2008

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Overview

• Background
• Current HPAI situation
• Control programme
• Vaccination policy and implementation
• Vaccine efficacy
• Summary

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Poultry Numbers

• Standing population
• Native/village 317m (630m annually)
• Layer 106m
• Broiler 175m (1b annually)
• Duck 35m
• Total gt620m
• (plus others quail, pigeon, goose)

Source Livestock Statistic (2007)
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The Poultry Industry

• Total investment US 35b
• Turnover US 30b pa
• People employed gt10m
• Feed production 7.5m MT pa
• DOC broiler gt1b pa
• DOC layer gt100m pa
• Markets 13,000 markets daily
• Abattoir processing lt20

Source Indonesian Association of Poultry
Companies (2004)
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Disease Situation

• First identified in 2003
• 31/33 provinces have confirmed cases (286/444
  districts)
• Incidence varies across the country
• Endemic in Java, Bali, Sumatra and South Sulawesi
• Lower incidence in eastern provinces
• Based on limited surveillance
• Both commercial and village poultry
• Chickens, quails and ducks affected
• Human cases since July 2005

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Poultry density and human cases
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Districts with confirmed infection PDS, dinas
and DIC data 2007 (incomplete)
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9 Strategies for Control - 2004

• Improvement of bio-security
• Vaccination in infected and suspected areas
• Depopulation (selective culling) and compensation
• Control movement of live poultry, poultry
  products and farm waste
• Surveillance and tracing back
• Restocking
• Stamping out in newly infected areas
• Public awareness
• Monitoring and evaluation
• Decree of DG of Livestock Services, Feb 2004

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National Strategic Plan

• National Strategic Work Plan for the Progressive
  Control of HPAI in Animals 2006-2008
• 9 elements
• Campaign Management Unit
• Enhancement of HPAI Control
• Including vaccination
• Surveillance and epidemiology
• Diagnostic laboratory services
• Animal quarantine services
• Regulation
• Communication
• R D
• Poultry Industry Restructuring
• Reviewed in June 2007 no substantive change,
  but recognised need to intensify campaign

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Workplan

• Improve the management, planning and capacity for
  HPAI control
• Reduce risk / Improve HPAI prevention
• Improve detection and response

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Reducing Risk

• There are many high risk practices along the
  production and market chain
• These must be identified and the risk eliminated
  or reduced
• But this will take time, so
• Vaccination of high risk populations will be
  necessary until risks reduced

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Risk Pathways
By-products
Chicken farms
Other birds Incl. wild
Duck farms incl grazing
DOC Dealers
Rice,crops
Dealers
Collector Yards
Wholesale market
Wholesale market
Duck farms
Chicken farms
Slaughterhouse
Quail farms
Risk
Retail markets
2007 Indonesia, after Sims
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Risk Reduction

• Target
• Vaccine
• Farm biosecurity
• Ducks
• Transport/dealers
• Traditional markets
• Hatcheries
• Information, education and communication

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Vaccination Policy
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Rationale

• In mid 2003, AI was detected in Central Java and
  has spread to West Java and East Java. and 2004
  spread to Lampung, North Sumatera, Bali and South
  Sulawesi.
• Poultry industry was infected and movement of
  commercial poultry might be the cause of spread
  to other islands.
• Limited compensation fund was available for
  Sector 4 and Sector 3 (small scale)
• Sector 1 and 2 no compensation
• Mid 2004, vaccination policy was implemented by
  Government.

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Vaccination Strategy

• Mass vaccination in mid 2004
• 300 M doses available
• Inactivated H5N1 local isolate
• Free of charge
• Backyard and small farmers of any species
• Mass vaccination continued in 2005 and early 2006
• Vaccination in sectors 1, 2 and 3 (breeders and
  layers)
• at their own cost
• with coverage estimated to be 90 in commercial
  layer and 100 in breeding flocks
• Mid 2006 due to limited vaccines targeted
  vaccination
• Inactivated LPAI vaccine (H5N2)
• 2007 continued targeted vaccination of some
  populations in high risk provinces

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AI Vaccines

• Vaccine use (GoI)
• 2004 132m doses
• 2005 143.4m doses
• 2006 102.9m doses
• 2007 98.5m doses
• Registered seed strains
• H5N1 A/Chicken/Legok/2003
• H5N2 A/Turkey/England/N28/73
• A/Chicken/Mexico/232/94/CPA
• H5N9 A/Turkey/Wisconsin/68

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Vaccination problems

• Complex programme management in the autonomy era
• Limited resources against scale of task
• Staff, equipment, operating, vaccine
• Low vaccination coverage in Sector 4 (wide area,
  large population, free range)
• A range of species infected - native chicken,
  commercial chicken, duck, quail
• Poor biosecurity/Sector 4
• Vaccination in poultry industry re-occurrence
  of outbreaks by end 2005
• And vaccine efficacy issues (results of
  SEPRL-DGLS-AAHL-FAO)
• Review of antigenic variability of AI viruses in
  Indonesia
• Virus isolates required for further assessment

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Collaborative Vaccine Efficacy Project in 2007

• MoA Indonesia
• AAHL Australia
• FAO
• USDA-APHIS and SEPRL, USA

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Summary of Challenge Studies

• PWT-WIJ/06 resistant to most vaccines
• SMI-HAMD/06 was susceptible to most vaccines
• Papua/06 was intermediate
• Source Swayne, 2007

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Question?

• What is the significance of PWT-WIJ/06 ?
• Need representative viruses
• Spatial, enterprise, species
• Epidemiological information vaccination status,
  clinical signs etc
• Collected overtime

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Available isolates - region
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Summary of Sequence Analysis

• Isolates from Indonesia fall within one clade
• There are 3 other isolates that group with the
  PWT-WIJ/06
• These 4 isolates appear to be somewhat different
  from the majority of isolates so far submitted
• Source Peter Daniels, AAHL

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OFFLU Project in Indonesia Oct 2007-Sept 2008

• Concerns over vaccine efficacy
• Challenge tests results at SEPRL (USDA)
• Outbreaks in commercial industry
• OFFLU project Monitoring AI virus variants in
  Indonesia Poultry and defining an effective and
  sustainable vaccination strategy
• MoA-Indonesia
• FAO Rome, Bangkok and Jakarta
• OIE
• AAHL, Australia
• VLA, UK
• SEPRL, USA,
• Erasmus, The Netherlands

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Objectives

• Antigenic mapping
• Increased collection of representative isolates
  and mapping
• Challenge tests/strain selection
• Recommend Vaccination strategy
• Identify efficacious current vaccines
• Identify new seed strains, if required
• Ongoing monitoring

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Work already carried out/on-going

• Virus characterization by DNA sequencing (AAHL,
  Bbalitvet, VLA)
• Efficacy testing of vaccine (SEPRL)
• HI tests (SEPRL, VLA, Bbalitvet)
• Antigenic cartography (Erasmus)
• Under progress- vaccine construction (rev
  genetics) and autogenous vaccine (SEPRL)
• Isolate sharing need to be increased

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Summary

• HPAI remains endemic in many areas
• Long term approach to risk reduction is required
• Improved surveillance with better understanding
  of disease epidemiology
• Commercial industry support is critical
• Vaccination can be an important tool to reduce
  circulating H5N1 virus
• Needs adequate resources and management
• Monitoring of vaccination program critical
• Is only component of successful disease control

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Towards a safer world free from H5N1 HPAI