Animal Science

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Animal Science

• By Johnny M. Jessup
• Agriculture Teacher/FFA Advisor

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What is Animal Science?

• Care, management, and production of domestic
  animals.
• Animals used for food, clothing, weapons, and
  tools
• Todays animal science includes biotechnology,
  genetics, and behavior research

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Domestication

• What was the first domesticated animal?
• Dog for tracking and then herding
• After animals became domesticated, they become
  dependent on man.

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Domestication

• Most cannot survive in the wild.
• Most poultry can not fly, but why?
• They are bred for size which makes them
  incapable of flight.
• Turkeys
• Chickens
• Some species have their wings clipped at birth
• Ducks
• Geese

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Uses for Animals

• Food
• Work
• Medicine
• Research

• Clothing
• Recreation
• Companionship
• Security

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Uses for Animals

• What types of animals are used for meat?
• Cattle (Beef Veal)
• Swine (Pork)
• Lamb
• Goat
• Poultry

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Uses for Animals

• Milk inexpensive source of protein
• Produced by dairy cows goats
• Cheese, ice cream, and yogurt
• Did you know that over 90 of U.S. milk
  production comes from the Holstein breed?
• What is another protein source that is produced
  by animals?
• Eggs

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Uses for Animals

• What are some areas in which we use animals for
  work?
• Cultivate land
• Transportation
• Control other animals
• Assist physically mentally handicapped
• Blind

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Uses for Animals

• Medicine Research
• Animal Behaviors
• Genetic Tests
• Organs
• Future treatment research

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Uses of Animals

• Clothing
• Hides
• Leather
• Fibers
• Wool
• Mohair
• Silk

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Uses of Animals

• Recreation
• Horseback Riding
• Racing
• Zoos

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Uses of Animals

• Companionship
• Pets
• Assist with the sick and
  elderly

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Uses of Animals

• Security
• Guard dogs
• Eliminating pests
• Ex.-Cats
• Romans used geese to guard the gates of Rome

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Uses of Animals

• By Products
• Bone
• Buttons
• Glue
• Minerals supplements for
  feed
• Fat
• Cooking Oil
• Cream
• Soap
• Makeup

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What does the future hold?

• Improved Efficiency
• Genetically modified organisms
• More Cloning
• ?????

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The Beef Industry
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The Beef Industry

• 1 red meat production industry in the United
  States.
• Americans eat about 96lb of red meat per year.
• Many by-products are produced from cattle such
  as gelatin, leather, soap.

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Beef Cattle Operations

• Purebred Breeders
• Cattle of a single breed are raised.
• Cow-calf Operations
• Produce feeder calves for slaughter cattle
  producers.
• Slaughter-cattle (Feedlot)
• Buy calves from cow-calf operators and raise them
  until they reach slaughter weight.

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English Breeds of Beef Cattle
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English Breeds

• Cattle breeds developed in the British Isles
  (mostly Northern England Scotland).
• Excellent grazers of native grasses.

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Angus

• Black breed
• Known for excellent meat quality.
• Marbling

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Hereford

• Red with white face
• Originated in the British Isles.
• Imported into the United States by Henry Clay in
  1817.
• Gained acceptance after the 1883 Chicago Fat
  Stock Show.

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Shorthorn

• Red, White, or roan (mix of red and white) coat.
• Excellent milking capability.
• Been used in the bloodlines of more than 30
  recognized breeds.

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Galloway

• Ancient breed which derived its name from the
  Gauls of the Scottish Lowlands.
• Polled
• Long, curly hair
• Performs well on poor land with coarse grasses.

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Devon

• One of the oldest breeds in existence.
• Brought to SW England by the Phoenicians as they
  explored for tin.
• Romans wrote about them in 55 BC.
• 1st purebred to reach North America.
• Known as the Red Rubies

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Red Poll

• Polled cattle who are red in color.
• Developed as a dual purpose breed in England.
• Believed to have come about from crossing
  Galloways and Devons.

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Exotic Breeds of Beef Cattle
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Exotic Breeds

• Imported into the United States when consumers
  started demanding leaner meat.
• Exotic breeds have calves that grow faster than
  English breeds.

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Charolais

• White to light blonde in color pink skin.
• Large very well muscled
• Originated in France.

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Limousin

• Light yellow color with lighter circles around
  eyes.
• Lean carcasses with large loin eye area.
• Small head with short neck.
• Originated in France.

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Simmental

• White to light straw faces, with dark red bodies.
• With to light straw faces, with dark red bodies.
• Most popular breed in Europe.

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Blonde D Aquitaine

• Covered with short light colored hair.
• Well muscled breed that developed in southwestern
  France.
• Forehead and muzzle are broad, the face
  triangular.

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Maine Anjou

• Very red with white markings across the body.
• Originated in northwestern France.
• Large, very well muscled cattle.

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Brahman

• Light or medium gray coat color.
• Characteristic hump over shoulder.
• Large, drooping ears and loose skin.
• Developed in southwestern USA.
• Used mostly for crossbreeding.

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American Breeds of Beef Cattle
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American Breeds

• Developed to withstand the heat and resistance to
  disease and parasites in the South and Southwest.
• American breeds resulted from crossing Brahman
  cattle from India with English breeds.
• The result was increased heat tolerance and
  disease and parasite of Brahman and the meat
  quality of the English breeds.

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Beefmaster

• Developed in Texas in the 20th century.
• Approximately ½ Brahman and ¼ Hereford
  Shorthorn respectively.
• Selection based on the 6 essentials Weight,
  Conformation, Milking Ability, Fertility,
  Hardiness and Disposition

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Brangus

• Solid black or red in color.
• Polled.
• Good mothering ability feed efficiency.
• A result of a cross of Brahman and Angus.

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Santa Gertrudis

• Developed on the King Ranch in Texas
• All Santa Gertrudis are descendants of the bull,
  Monkey
• They were created by crossing shorthorn cows and
  Brahman bulls.

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Barzona

• Red cattle with occasional white markings.
• Developed in Arizona in the 20th century to deal
  with the extremely hot, drought ridden, rocky
  terrain.

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The Dairy Industry
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The Dairy Industry

• Second most important animal enterprise in the
  United States in
  dollar sales.
• Consumption of milk and dairy products is steady
  now after years of decline.
• Average Americans use more than 580
  lb of dairy products annually.

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The Dairy Industry

• Milk production is not the only income-generating
  part of dairy production.
• Calves not needed as replacements for the dairy
  herd are sold as veal.
• Cows no longer profitable are sold for beef.

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Breeds of Dairy Cattle
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Holstein

• Black White
• Highest average producer of milk.
• Comprises 90 of all dairy cattle in the U.S.
• Made the most genetic improvement in recent years.

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Jersey

• Light Brown
• 2nd most popular breed of dairy cattle.
• Smallest of the dairy breeds.
• Rank 1 in butterfat production.

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Guernsey

• Reddish brown with white underside.
• Originated on the Isle of Guernsey in the English
  Channel.
• Produces a yellowish milk due to the high beta
  carotene content.

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Ayrshire

• Red White
• Developed in Scotland in the county of Ayr.
• Used to be known for it horns, but most calves
  are polled now.

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Brown Swiss

• Brown with a light dorsal stripe down its back.
• Originated in Switzerland.
• Only been recognized as registered breed since
  1906.

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The Pork Industry
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The Pork Industry

• Swine used to classified into one of three
  groups Lard-type Bacon-type.
• However, the industry has changed greatly due to
  the demand for leaner pork.

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Swine Operations-Producers

• Feeder-pig
• Maintain large herds of sows that produce 2 to 2½
  litters each year.
• Market-hog
• Purchase pigs at 5-8 weeks of age and feed them
  until they reach an age of about 220lb.
• Purebred
• Produce high quality boars to improve the genetic
  makeup of a breed or to be bred with crossbred
  sows to increase hybrid vigor.

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Breeds of Swine
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Duroc

• Originated in the United States.
• Solid red.
• Drooped ears.
• Slight dish to the face.
• Excellent meat type hog.

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Yorkshire

• Originated in England.
• White.
• Large, erect ears.
• Known as The Mother Breed.
• Produces large litters.
• Bacon-type hog.

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Hampshire

• Originated in the United States.
• Probably the oldest American breed.
• Black with a white belt.
• Small, erect ears.
• Well-known meat breed.

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Spotted

• Developed in Indiana.
• Black and white spots.
• Efficient feeders.
• Noted for rapid weight gain.

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Chester White

• Originated in Chester County, Pennsylvania.
• White with drooped ears.
• Mothering breed.
• Known to produce large litters.

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Poland China

• Originated in the US.
• Noted for ability to easily gain weight.
• Quiet dispositions.
• Black with white snouts, legs and switch.
• Generally poor mothers.
• Drooped ears.

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Berkshire

• Originated in England.
• Black with white legs, snout and switch.
• Once kept at Buckingham Palace.
• Known for producing high quality meats.
• Erect ears.

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Tamworth

• Originated in Ireland
• Red in color
• Bacon-type
• Deep-sided
• Well-arched back
• Erect ears
• Good mothers
• Very active

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Landrace

• Originated in Denmark.
• Drooped ears
• Known for their maternal instincts.
• White
• Long
• Flatter-topped than other breeds.

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The Poultry Industry
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The Poultry Industry

• Poultry is the name given to all
  domesticated birds.
• Consumption of chicken meat in the U.S. increased
  from 26.4 lb to 81.4 lb per person from
  1975 to 2003.
• Turkey consumption almost tripled from
  6.5 lb to 17.6 lb per person during that
  same period.
• Americans also eat 250 eggs per person
  each year.

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Poultry Industry

• Poultry production ranks 1st ahead of beef
  swine production in pounds consumed.
• What are the major types of poultry?
• Chickens
• Turkeys
• Ducks
• Geese

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Types Uses of Poultry

• Chickens
• Classified as either layers or broilers.
• Broilers are young chickens grown
  for their meat. (Cornish)
• Layers are chickens developed to produce huge
  numbers of eggs. (White Leghorn)

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Types Uses of Poultry

• Bantams
• Another class of chickens.
• Miniature versions of standard breeds.
• Used primarily for show.

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Types Uses of Poultry

• Turkeys
• 90 of turkeys grown commercially are
  Broad-Breasted White.

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Animal Nutrition
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Six Classes of Nutrients

• Water
• Protein
• Carbohydrates
• Minerals
• Vitamins
• Fat

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Water

• Largest component of all living things.
• Regulates body temperature.
• Dissolves transports nutrients.

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Protein

• Builds muscle

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Carbohydrates

• Provides energy for animals.
• Makes up about 75 of most animal rations.
• Corn and other cereal grains are the major source
  of carbohydrates.

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Minerals

• Calcium is one of the major minerals and is found
  in ground limestone.
• Calcium is needed in poultry feed for eggshell
  development.
• Minerals are supplied by mineral supplements
  are a primary aid in the development of bones
  teeth.

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Vitamins

• Vitamins are needed by animals in minute
  quantities to help all body functions.
• Also help prevent many livestock diseases.

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Fat

• Only small amounts of fat are required.

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Classes of Feeds

• Concentrates
• Roughages

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Concentrates

• Low in fiber and high in total digestible
  nutrients (TDN).
• Cereal grains are the major source of most
  concentrates.
• Other sources include byproducts of grain and
  animals.

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Roughages

• High in fiber and low in TDN.
• Dry roughage is hay.
• Green roughages includes the pasture grasses.
• Silage is a roughage that results from storage
  and fermentation of green crops.

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Animal Digestive Systems
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Digestive System of Cattle

• Cows sheep are ruminants, which means they have
  four stomach compartments.
• Ruminants can tolerate more roughage in the diet.

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Digestive System of Cattle
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Digestive System of Swine

• Swine are monogastric, which means they have one
  stomach compartment.
• Have basically the same digestive system as a
  human.
• Ration must be high in concentrates.

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Digestive System of Swine
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Digestive System of Poultry

• Poultry have no true stomach and can only store
  small amounts of food in its digestive system.
• Chickens have no teeth. Food is swallowed whole,
  stored in the crop, and passed on to the gizzard
  where it is crushed ground up.
• Rations must be high in food value.

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Digestive System of Poultry
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Tools in Animal Science
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Candling Light

• Used to view the interior of eggs to detect blood
  spots and other such defects.

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Castrator

• Used to prevent male animals from breeding.

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Artificial Insemination

• Artificial vagina
• Used to collect semen from male animals.
• Insemination straw
• Used for the disposition of semen into the female.

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Dehorner

• Used to remove horns from cattle.

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Rectal Thermometer

• Used to take the temperatures of animals.

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Syringe

• Used to give injections or to draw body fluids.

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V Ear Notcher

• Used to notch the ears of swine for
  identification.

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Careers in Animal Science
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Careers

• Most entry-level jobs require a high school
  diploma.
• About 20 of the careers require a college
  degree.
• Some careers require additional education.

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High School Agricultural Program

• A good place to begin career preparation because
  of the total program of..
• Class/Lab Instruction
• FFA
• SAE.

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Veterinarian

• Education
• 4 year college degree
• Advanced degree with special training (Vet
  School).
• Perform highly technically skills
• Embryo transfers

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Career Trends

• Largest number of new employment positions in
  agriscience is expected to be scientists
  engineers.

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Small Animal Industry

• Is expanding greatly.
• Used for.
• Pets
• Animal research
• Food
• Fur

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Small Animal Industry

• Technicians growers are needed for.
• Kennels
• Pet stores
• Animal hospitals
• Etc.
• Often require college training.

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Equine Industry

• Expanding as the interest in horses
  for pleasure show increases.
• Farriers are needed to shoe care
  for horses feet.

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Designed By

• Johnny M. Jessup, FFA Advisor
• Hobbton High School