I.

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????????????????????????????
I. ???????????????????????????????????????????
II. ???????????????????????????????????? III. ????
??????????????????????????????????? IV.
?????????????????????????????? V. ????????????
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???????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????? Super
Structure ???????????????????
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????????????????????????????????????
International Economic Order as Policy
International Economic Order as Policy
Constraints
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???????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????
??? ??????????????????????????????????????????
??????????
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?????????????????????????????????????????????
Pax Britannica Pax Americana Pax
Japonica ? Pax Arabica ? Pax Sinioca ?
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?????????????????????????????????????????????????
???
I. ?????????????????????????? II. ??????????????
?????????????
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?????????????????????????????????????????????????
?

• I. ????????????????????????Multilateralism
• II. ????????????????????????Regionalism
• III. ????????????????????????Bilateralism
• IV. ????????????????????????Unilateralism

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????????????????????Multilateralism
GATT 1947 GATT/WTO 1994 International
Commodity Agreements (ICAs)
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????????International Commodity Agreement

• International Sugar Agreement
• International Tin Agreement
• International Natural Rubber Agreement

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????????Producers Associations

• Association of Natural Rubber Producing
  Countries ANRPC
• Asian and Pacific Coconut Community APCC
• Primary Tungsten Association PTA

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??????????????????????Regionalism
European Union NAFTA APEC
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EU Enlargement
2500 Treaty of Rome ??????? European Economic
Community ?????????????????? ??????????????
?????? ???????????? ?????????
??????????????? 2516 ???????????????????????????
??????? 2524 ?????????????? 2529 ???????????????
??????????? 2530 Single European Act of 1986
????????????? ?????????? Four Freedoms ??????
?????? ?????? ???????
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2536 ????????????????? Treaty of Maastricht of
1992 2537 ?????? ???????? ?????????????????????
2547 ?????????????????? 10 ?????? Cyprus,
Malta, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Czech,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Hungary, Poland ???????????
2547 2550 ????????????????????????????
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European Economic AreaEEA1 ?????? 2537
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NAFTANorth American Free Trade Agreement
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APEC
??????Brunei DarusslamChinaHong Kong,
ChinaIndonesiaJapanMalaysiaPapua New
GuineaPhilippinesRussiaSingaporeSouth Korea
TaiwanThailandViet Nam
???????CanadaChileMexicoPeruUnited States
??????????AustraliaNew Zealand
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FTAAFree Trade Area of the Americas
Antigua and BarbudaArgentinaBahamasBarbado
sBelizeBoliviaBrazilCanadaChileColombiaCost
a RicaDominica
Dominican Rep. Ecuador El SalvadorGrenadaGuatem
alaGuyanaHaitiHondurasJamaicaMexicoNicaragua
PanamaParaguay
PeruSt.Kitts and NevisSt. LuciaSt.Vincent and
the GrenadinesSurinameTrinidad and
TobagoUnited StatesUruguayVenezuela
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?????????/???????????????????????????
?????????????????? TAFTA ???????????????? APEC ?
??????????????? AIOEC Association for Indian
Ocean Economic Cooperation
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?????????/???????????????????
??????? ???????????? NAFTA North America
Free Trade Area
??????????? CACM Central American Common
MarketCARICOM Caribbean Community and
Central Market CARIFTA Caribbean Free
Trade Association CAFTA Central America Free
Trade Area
?????????? MERCOSUR Common Market of the
South
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??????? ?????????? SACU South African
Customs Union SADC Southern African
Development Community
?????????????? ECOWAS Economic Community of
West African States CEAO West African
Economic Community
??????????? ECSCA Economic Community of the
States of Central Africa UDEAC Economic and
Customs Union of Central Africa
??????? COMESA Common Market for Eastern
and Southern Africa
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????? EU European Union EFTA European Free
Trade Association EEA European Economic
Area EMEA Euro-Mediterranean Economic Area
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?????? ?????????????????? MEFTA Middle
East Free Trade Area
????????? SAARC South Asian Association
for Regional Cooperation
????????? AFTA ASEAN Free Trade Area
??????????? East Asia Free Trade AreaASEAN
Plus ThreeASEAN - China FTAASEAN - Japan FTA
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?????????? - ?????????? CER Australia - New
Zealand Closer Economic Relation
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???????????????????????? Bilateralism
??????????? Bilateralism ??? Bilateral Free
Trade Agreements ????????????? FTAs ???
Preferential Trade Arrangements
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???????????????????????? Unilateralism
Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of
1988 USTR U.S. Trade Representative
????????? ???????????????????? ??????????
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??? Multilateralism ??? Bilateralism
I. ???????????????????????????????? II. ????????
???????????????????? III. ???????????????????????
IV. ????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????? V. Costs and Benefits
??? Preferential Trade Arrangements
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????????????????????????????????
I. ??????????????????????????????????? II. ??????
????????????????????????????? III. ??????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????
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USA Free Trade Arrangements Regionalism
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USA Free Trade Arrangements Bilateralism
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??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????
????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????? WTO ?????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????
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????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????
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???????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????? ???????????????????????????????????????
??????? WTO
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????????????????????????????????????????????????
??? Divide and Rule ????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????? Additive
Regionalism ??????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????? WTO
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???????????????????????????????
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??????????????????????????
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????????????????????????? Multilateralism
??????????? Bilateralism
??????????????????????????????????????? ??????
???????? (Negotiation Costs) ?????????????????
(Voting Rule) ?????????????????????
(Bargaining Power)
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???????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????
(Multilateral Trade Negotiations)
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??????????????????????????????????????
(Bilateral Trade Negotiations)
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????????????????????????????????? Negotiation
Costs
????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????
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????????????????? Voting Rule
?????????????????????????????????????? WTO
??????????????????????? (Unanimity
Rule) ??????????????????????????????????????????
????????? ??????????????????????? ??????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
???? WTO ???????? 146 ?????? ??????????????????
??????????????
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????????????????????????????????????????
Bargaining Power
??????????? ?????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????
??????????????????????? ???????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????
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????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????? ????????????????????????????????????
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????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????? ???????????????????????????????????????????
?????? ???????????????? ?????????? ????????????
?????????????????????????????????????
(Strategic Behaviour) ????????????????????????????
??????????????
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??????????????????????? ??????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????
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Costs and Benefits Preferential Trade Arrangement
I. ???????????????????????????????????????????????
II. ???????????????????????????????????????????
?????????
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???????????????????????????????????????????????
I. Trade Creation II. Cost of Non-Participation
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I. Trade Creation
??????????????????????????????????? Tariff
Barriers ??? Non-Tariff Barriers??????????????
(Market Access) ?????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????? ???????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????
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II. Cost of Non-Participation
????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????? (Regional
Preferential Arrangements) ???????????????????????
(Bilateral Preferential Arrangements) Competit
ive Regionalism ??????????????????????????????????
???????? ????????????????????????????????????????
??? ???????????????????????????????????
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Spaghetti Regionalism ????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????? ???????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????? (Market Access) ??????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????? (Cost of Non-Participation)
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????????????????????????????????/??????????????
???????????????????????? Cost of
Non-Participation
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?????????????????????????????????????????????????
???
I. Trade Diversion II. Cost of Structural
Adjustment III. Cost of Administration IV. ?????
???????????????????????????????????????????
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I. Trade Diversion
??????????????????????? ?????????????????????
Trade Creation ???????????????????????? Trade
Diversion Trade Diversion ??????
??????????????????????
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????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????? ????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????? ?????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????? ?????????????????????
??????????????Trade Creation ??? Trade Diversion
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?????????????? Trade Creation
????????????????????????? Trade Diversion
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????? ???????????????? Trade Creation
?????????????????????????? Trade Diversion
???????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????? ????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????
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II. Cost of Structural Adjustment
????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????? (Comparative
Advantage) ?????????????? ?????????????????????
????????????????? ??????????????????????????????
?????????????????? ??????????????????????????????
???????????????
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????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????? ??????????????????????????????????? ?????
??????????????? ?????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????? ???????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????
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III. Cost of Administration
????????????????????????????????????????????????
??? ???????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????
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????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????? Jagdish Bhagwati ????????
Spagetti-Bowl Effect ?????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????
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IV. ????????????????????????????????????????????
?
????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????? ???????????????????
????? First-Best Solution ????????????????????????
??????????????????
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????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????? First-Best Solution ???
?????????????????? Trade Diversion ?????? Trade
Diversion ????????????Trade Creation ???????????
???????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????? ???????????????????????????????????????
(Trade-off) ?????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????
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????????????
IMF International Monetary Fund
IBRD International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development WTO World
Trade Organization WIPO World Intellectual
Property Organization