Physical Development

1
Physical Development

• Infancy and Toddlerhood Birth to 36 months of
  age
• Psychology 333
• Child Psychology
• Dennis Karpowitz

2
Pretest

• The sense least developed in newborns is
• Touch B. Vision
• C. Hearing D. Smell
• True (A) or False (B) Tom Cruise was right,
  postpartum depression is a figment of womens
  imagination according to medical science.

3

• 3. Bowel and bladder control is typically
  achieved in years
• Birth to 1 year B. 1 2.5 years of age
• C. 2.5 3.5 years of age D. 3.5-4.5 years of
  age
• 4. True (A) or False (B) A strict program for
  enforcing bowel control works best for children.

4
The Newborns Capacities

• Reflexes
• Rooting reflex breast feeding
• Moro reflex no known function
• Tonic neck reflex - reaching
• Stepping reflex walking
• Babinski reflex toes spread
• Reflexes disappear by about 6 months

5
Newborn Sensory Capacities

• Sensitivity to touch, pain, temp
• Present at birth
• Newborns have taste preferences
• Newborns can smell
• Hearing prefer complex sounds
• Prefer high-pitched expressive speech
• Vision least mature of senses
• Limited visual acuity best at 7-9
• Convergence develops at 7-8 weeks.

6
Newborn States of Arousal

• REM sleep 50 of sleep Very Active
• Non-REM sleep Quiet sleep
• Drowsiness
• Crying (hungry, wet, in pain, frustrated)
• Peaceful wakefulness
• Stimulus seeking wakefulness

7
Neonatal Behavioral Assessment

• Brazelton NBAS
• Reflexes, state changes, responsiveness to
  stimuli, etc.
• Parenting style

8
Parental Transition

• Mom Hormonal changes
• Postpartum blues 10 more serious depression
• Dad needs to take part
• Schedule changes
• Slight decline in marital satisfaction
• Flexible work place schedules help.

9
Body Growth

• Changes in body size
• Changes in body proportions
• Changes in muscle-fat makeup
• Early skeletal growth
• Appearance of teeth

Boys 2 to 20
10
Brain Development

• Nearer adult size than other structures
• Development of neurons
• 100-200 billion
• Synapses
• Chemical transmission - lock and key
• Myelinization - glial cells - electrical
• Cerebral Cortex - 85 of brain weight
• Regions
• Lateralization.

11
Early Growth Factors

• Heredity
• Nutrition 2x greater than adults
• 25 of calories for growth
• Breast vs. bottle feeding
• Chubby babies and risk
• Malnutrition
• 50 worldwide
• Marasmus lt nutrients
• Kwashiorkor lt protein
• Emotional well-being.

12
States of Arousal

• Sleep Wakefulness
• Becomes regular
• Wakefulness increases
• Fussiness and crying decline
• Melatonin secretion greater at night _at_ 6 months
• Sleeping through the night

13
Motor Development

• Gross and fine
• Cephalocaudal trend
• Proximodistal trend
• Increasingly complex
• Brain-Environment interaction
• Practice, practice, practice
• Active problem solvers.

14
Cultural Variation

• Movement Opportunities
• A stimulating environment
• Deliberate teaching varies

15
Fine Motor Development

• Gross Fine
• Voluntary reaching and grasping
• Appears _at_ 3 months
• Proprioception (within the body)
• Ulnar grasp Pincer grasp
• Dont push beyond readiness
• Marie Montessori.

16
Bowel and Bladder Control

• 2 1/2 - 3 1/2 years of age
• Muscle and nerve connection necessary
• Identify signals from full bladder or rectum
• Side with not against the child

17
Learning Capacities

• Change in behavior through experience
• Classical Conditioning UCS UCR CR CS
  Extinction E. g., Little Albert - white rat

18
Learning Capacities Cont.

• Habituation and Dishabituation
• Operant Conditioning SD OR
  S (or S-) Reinforcer (positive or negative)
• Punisher (restrictive or inflictive)

19
Learning Capacities Cont.

• Imitation - Modeling
• Fast
• Efficient
• Constant

20
SIDS

• Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
• Neglect?
• Biological failure?

21
Perceptual Development

• Hearing
• First year - organizing sounds
• 6 months screen out sounds, not useful
• 2nd year, detect clauses and phrases

22
Perceptual Development Cont.

• Vision
• 3 months, color discrimination
• 11 months, near adult level
• Depth perception
• Motion first
• 2-3 months, binocular depth
• 6 months, pictorial depth perception
• Movement skills necessary to avoid falls

23
Perceptual Development Cont.

• Vision Cont.
• Pattern Perception - Newborns
• Contrast Sensitivity
• Combining pattern elements _at_ 4 months
• Human Face _at_ 3 months

24
Object Perception

• Size shape constancy, innate
• Separate objects
• Boundaries

25
Intermodal Perception

• Information from two or more modalities or
  sensory systems
• Occurs from the beginning

26
Perceptual Develop. Theories

• Gibsons Differentiation Theory
• Find the invariant features, e.g. borders
• Discover affordances, action possibilities
• Imposed Meaning through categorization
• Both theories