Prof (Mrs) Karesh Prasad

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• Prof (Mrs) Karesh Prasad
• (Ex Lt Col)
• MSc (N) R.N R.M
• Principal Peoples College of Nursing Bhopal

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• First Aid
• Emergency Nursing

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DEFINITION

• FIRST AID IS THE IMMEDIATE AND
• TEMPORARY CARE GIVEN TO AN INJURED OR SICK PERSON
  UNTIL THE SERVICE OF A DOCTOR OR MEDICAL AID IS
  MADE
• AVILABLE

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PURPOSE

• SAVE AND SUSTAIN LIFE RELIVE PAIN
• PROMOTE SPEEDY RECOVERY
• PREVENT DISABILITY AND DEATH
• ARRANGE EARLY AND SPEEDY TRANSPORTATION

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QUALITIES OF FIRST AIDER

• OBSERVANT
• TACTFUL
• RESOURCEFUL
• EXPLICIT
• DISCRIMINATING

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GOLDEN RULES OF FIRST AID

• BE CALM QUIET AND METHODICAL OBSERVE ALL THE
  WOUNDS INJURIES GIVE FIRST AID ACCORDINGLY
  WITHOUT LOOSING PATIENCE
• REASSURE THE CASUALITY
• DO NOT ALLOW THE CROWD TOGATHER AROUND THE
  CASUALITY
• IF BREATHING STOPS GIVE ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
  IMMEDIATELY
• STOP BLEEDING
• PREVENT TREAT SHOCK

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GOLDEN RULES CONT

• KEEP VICTIM WARM DO NOT MOVE HIM UNNECESSARILY
• DO NOT TAKE OFF THE CLOTHES FROM THE BODY OF A
  SEVERELY INJURED PERSON
• ARRANGE FOR IMMEDIATE TRANSPORTATION
• INFORM POLICE ABOUT SERIOUS ACCIDENT

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Priorities Of Treatment

• Examination Diagnosis
• CPR
• Control Bleeding
• Treat Shock
• Immobilise Fracture
• Treat burns
• ENT other injuries
• Transportation

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UNCONCIOUSNESS

• UNCONCIOUSNESSOCCURS DUE TO DISTURBAANCE IN THE
  FUNCTIONING OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ALSO
  INDICATING SERIOUS INJURIES OR DISEAS ELSEWHERE
  IN THE BODY

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TYPES OF UNCONCIOUSNESS

• STUPOR
• A STATE OF SEMI UNCONCIOUSNESS
• FAINTING
• TEMPERORY LOSS OF CONCIOSNESS
• SOMNOLENT
• A STATE ODROWSINESS OR SLEEPYNESS
• COMA
• COMPLETE LOSS OF CONCIOUSNESS

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CAUSES OF UNCONCIOUSNESS

• REMEMBER A, E, I, O, U
• A- ACCIDENT, ALCOHOL, ASPHYXIA,ANESTHESIA
• E- ECLAMPSIA, EPILEPSY
• I- INJECTION, INSULIN, ,INTERNAL HAEMORRHAGE
• O- OPIUM POSION, COMA
• U- UREMIA

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SIGNS Symptoms

• Pale face weak pulse
• Person is restless
• Extremities body is cold clammy
• Respiration is shallow pulse is rapid weak
• Hypo tension present
• Patient may not respond to stimuli. Dilated
  pupils not responding to light

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First aid in general consciousness

• Treatment depends on the cause
• Try to arouse the causality but do not move
  unnecessarily as there may be spinal injury.
• Do not overcrowd. Allow fresh air.
• Loosen clothes at neck, chest waist
• Turn the head to one side side keep the head low
• Never give anything orally
• Give CPR if required
• Call for help

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FAINTING

• It is due to insufficient blood supply to the
  brain
• CAUSES- Hunger, emotional shock, long standing
  overcrowding ,fatigue ,bleeding severe pain
• S/S-Feels giddy looks pale, collapses on ground
  ,bradycardia, skin cold clammy,breathing
  shallow rapid
• F/A-Lay flat.Raise the foot end.Loosen tight
  clothes.A void overcrowding. Offer hot tea or
  coffee. If does not recover seek medical aid

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EPILEPSY

• It is the involuntary contraction of the muscles
  of body due to disturbed electrical impulses in
  the brain accompanied by unconsciousness
• Causes-Head injury, hypoxia,poisoning hyper
  pyrexia, hypo perfusion
• S/S-
• Aura or warning stage
• Tonic stage
• Clonic stage
• Recovery stage

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FIRST AID IN EPILEPSY

• Make the environment safe
• Do not attempt to stop convulsions
• Prevent the tongue bite head injury(place pillow
  underneath)
• Wipe the froth
• Note the time,duration,loss of
  bowel/bladder,alertness of causality
• Inform the doctor

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HYPOGLYCEMIA

• It is condition where in the blood sugar level
  falls below the normal level affecting the brain
• Causes-Insulin overdose, delay in eating rapid
  use of carbohydrate due to over exercise
• S/S-Weakness,fainting,hunger
• Palpitationmuscle cramps
• Strange action behavior
• Sweating profusely
• Cold clammy skin
• Rapid bounding pulse

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FIRST AID IN HYPO GLYCEMIA

• If person unconscious clear airways place in
  recovery position
• If conscious give sugary drinks, sugar lumps ,
  sweets
• If no improvement send for doctor
• In hyperglycemia skin is dry, pulse is rapid with
  acetone breath, urgent hospitalization is
  required

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WOUNDS HAEMORRHAGE

• It is the break in the continuity of skin ,mucosa
  or viscera by accident or surgery
• Wound Haemorrhage go hand in hand is usually
  accidental

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TYPES OF WOUNDS

• Abrasions
• Incised
• Punctured
• Lacerated

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First Aid in Wounds

• Do not touch the wound with bare hand
• Wash with running water
• Apply clean dressing
• Elevate the area

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Haemorrhage

• Heamorrhage is the escape of blood from the blood
  vessels due to wounds or injury
• Causes- injury to blood vessels, disease of the
  vessel wall, disorder of blood
• Types-Arterial, Venous, Capillary
• -External, Internal
• -Primary, Reactionary, Secondary

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First Aid

• Arterial- Apply pressure dressing firmly, Keep
  the part elevated
• Venous- Apply direct pressure and clean dressing,
  Elevate the part
• Capillary- Clots on its own, Apply slight direct
  pressure

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First Aid in Specific Haemorrahage

• Epistaxis
• Mouth and Tongue
• Haemoptysis
• Haematemesis
• Head Injury

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Thermal Injuries

• Burns- Burns are wounds caused by excessive
  exposure of the body to heat, liquids,
  chemicals,electricity or radiation
• Scalds- scalds are burns caused by moist vapor or
  hot liquids.

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Signs Symptoms

• Skin appears red, may be blisters are formed,
  under line tissues get damaged making skin black.
• Severe pain
• Victim is restless thirsty
• Impending psychogenic hyphovolemic shock

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Degrees of Burn

• First Degree- Simple erythema. Skin intact. Very
  painful
• Second Degree- Erythema destruction of
  epidermis, dermis. Blister formation. Pain.
• Third Degree- Epidermis dermis, and even
  muscles and bones destroyed. Painless, black in
  appearance. Complicated.

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Rule of Nine

• Head neck- 9
• Trunk- 36
• Legs- 36
• Hands- 18
• Perineum- 1
• Total- 100

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First Aid in Burns

• Remember the word Race-
• R- Rescue the victim.
• A- Alarm call for help.
• C- Confine low for cooling fumes.
• E- Extinguish the fire.

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Goals

• Stop burning process
• Reduce pain
• Provide life support
• Prevent complications
• Restore function

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First Aid in Burns

• Stop burning process
• Remove the source/victim
• Lay the patient flat
• Roll the patient in cloth/blanket
• Bathe under running water
• Remove constricting cloths
• Cover with clean cloth
• Give cool soothing drinks.

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Thank You