Minerals & Vitamins Chris Ellason Minerals Macro minerals

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Minerals Vitamins

• Chris Ellason

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Minerals

• Macro minerals
• Ca, P, Na, Cl, Mg, K and S
• Trace or micro minerals
• Co, Cu, F, I, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, Zn

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Calcium

• Milk fever
• poorly mineralized bones
• osteoporosis
• weak egg shells

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Calcium

• 99 is stored in bones in a 21 ratio with P
• Controls nerve and muscle excitability
• Aids in blood coagulation
• Skeletal and heart muscular contraction and
  relaxation

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Calcium

• Ca absorption is accomplished by active transport
• CaBP (Calcium Binding Protein) controls
  absorption and in most species is Vitamin D
  dependent
• Typically as dietary Ca increases, percent
  absorbed decreases
• Vitamin D deficiency can result in depressed Ca
  uptake due to CaBP

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Phosphorus

• Poorly mineralized bones
• osteoporosis
• impaired fertility
• Rickets
• Stiffness of joints and muscles, dramatic weight
  loss, and bone degeneration

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Phosphorus

• Approximately 80 of total body P is contained in
  skeletal system
• Serum P occurs in both organic and inorganic
  forms
• Organic form is primarily lipid
• Inorganic is in a variety of forms, ionized,
  bound to proteins, etc.

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Phytic Acid

• P is bound as an ester of inositol
• Renders it basically unavailable to nonruminants
• Phytate is high in many plant seeds
• Some inorganic sources may contain more or less
  phytate
• Can be available for ruminants

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Toxicity

• Can occur in extreme cases
• Results in excessive bone resorption
• High levels can depress absorption of Ca
• CaP ratio should be 11 to 21 in male ruminants
• Excess P may cause urinary calculi

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Magnesium

• Grass Tetany
• Can replace Ca, and P in bones
• Staggering

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Magnesium

• 3rd most prevalent mineral in the body
• ½ total MG is contained in bone
• Mg in soft tissue is concentrated mainly in liver
  and skeletal muscle

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Magnesium functions

• Required for normal bone formation
• Enzyme activation
• ATP enzymes and P transfer

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Toxicity

• Mg toxicity is manifested through
• Depressed intakes
• Cardiorespiratory depression
• Even heart stoppage
• Chronic high levels can result in P depletion in
  bones

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Potassium

• Weakness
• emaciation, loss of weight
• Dehydration
• distended abdomen

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Function

• Major cation of intracellular fluid
• Involved in osmotic pressure and acid-base
  balance
• Muscle activity

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Salt

• NaCl
• Weight loss
• dehydration
• reduced performance
• delayed puberty

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Functions

• K works with Na to maintain osmotic pressure
• K primary function is to maintain acid/base
  balance in the body
• Also involved in processes such as protein
  synthesis and glucose absorption

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Functions

• Na as the extracellular component of an energy
  dependent Na pump
• Maintenance of osmotic pressure
• Acid/base balance by its separation from K
• Cl is involved in osmotic pressure and
  maintenance of acid/base balance

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Sulfur

• Growth rate reduction
• S containing amino acids
• reduced wool and feather growth

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Iron

• Anemia
• Common in baby pigs

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Copper

• Faded hair coat
• joint swelling
• no loss of winter coat
• anemia

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Zinc

• Hoof softness
• wool slipping
• thickened skin
• parakeratosis in swine
• Pigs 6 to 16 wks old
• Deficiency of ZN or inadequate absorption of Zn
  due to excess Ca
• Causes lesions on the skin

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Manganese

• Skeletal abnormalities
• slipped tendons in poultry
• impaired reproduction
• testicular degeneration
• defective ovulation
• Excess Ca P decreases absorption

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Cobalt

• Anemia
• lowered growth rates
• reduced appetite
• Needed by rumen bacteria for growth Vitamin B12
  synthesis

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Iodine

• Low metabolism
• Goiter (enlargement of thyroid gland)
• hairless pigs at birth
• wool-less lambs at birth

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Selenium

• White muscle disease cattle - muscular dystrophy
• Muscle weakness or loss of muscle tissue
• stiff lamb disease
• Vitamin E Selenium deficiency
• Become stiff, cannot walk or nurse properly and
  die or starvation
• liver necrosis
• Destroying of the liver cells

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Significant Mineral Interactions

• Cu, Mo and Zn
• Excess Mo and Zn reduce Cu metabolism
• Ca and Zn
• High Ca and phytate P can inhibit Zn absorption
  by tying up
• Ca, P and Mn
• High Ca, P can inhibit Mn absorption

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Significant Mineral Interactions

• Mg and K
• Excess K reduces Mg absorption
• Mg deficiency reduces K retention and can result
  in K deficiency as well
• Cu and Fe
• Cu required for proper Fe metabolism

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Significant Mineral Interactions

• Mg and Ca, P
• Excess Mg can inhibit Ca, P absorption will
  replace these in bones
• P and Mg, Ca
• Excesses in Mg and Ca can affect absorption
• CaP ratio at 1.5 to 21

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Significant Mineral Interactions

• Zn and Se
• Used together improve immune response in
  combination with Vitamin E
• Cu, Mo and Fe
• In ruminants these interact and can affect
  absorption of all three and S

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Vitamins

• Organic compounds in foods distinct from
  proteins, CHO or fats
• Cannot be synthesized by animals and must be
  supplied by the diet
• If not supplied each results in a specific
  deficiency

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Vitamins

• Fat Soluble
• Vitamin A
• Vitamin D2 and D3
• Vitamin E
• Vitamin K, natural and synthetic

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Vitamins

• Water Soluble Vitamins
• Thiamine
• Riboflavin
• Niacin (Nicotinic Acid)
• Pyridoxine
• Pantothenic Acid

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Vitamins

• Water Soluble cont.
• Biotin
• Choline
• Folic Acid
• Cobalamin
• Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
• Inositol
• PABA

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Vitamins

• Fat Soluble only contain C, H and O
• Water Soluble also contain N, S, or Co

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Fat Soluble Vitamins

• Are generally responsible for the regulation of
  metabolism of structural units
• May occur in plant tissues as provitamins
• Absorbed in intestinal tract only in the presence
  of fat
• All can be stored when fat is deposited and rate
  depends on intake

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Fat Soluble Vitamins

• Only K can be synthesized by rumen microbes
• Excreted only in feces with fat

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Water Soluble Vitamins

• No provitamins
• Responsible primarily in energy transfer
• Absorbed more easily and readily from SI
• Water soluble vitamins are not stored to a great
  extent
• Excretion occurs both in feces and urine
• Rumen microbes can synthesize all

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Vitamin Deficiencies

• Vitamin A - night blindness, mucosal
  degenteration
• Vitamin D - osteoporosis
• Vitamin E - muscular dystrophy, liver necrosis
• Vitamin K - blood clotting disorders

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Vitamin Deficiencies

• Thiamin (B1) - edema, enlarged heart
• Riboflavin (B2) - cataracts, lesions around lips
  and mouth
• Niacin - Ulcers, diarrhea, dermatitis
• Pantothenic acid - dermatitis, graying of hair,
  fetal death, goose stepping in pigs

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Vitamin Deficiencies

• Pyridoxine (B6) - Reduced immune function,
  increased fat deposition
• Cobalamin (B12) - anemia, kidney damage
• Folic Acid - anemia cannot tell difference
  between this and B12
• Biotin - soft hooves, loss of hair, birth defects

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Vitamin Deficiencies

• Vitamin C - bone defects, bleeding gums, scurvy
  in humans
• Choline - fatty liver, bleeding kidneys, slipped
  tendon in poultry

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Vitamin Functions in Rations

• Cobalamin given as intake stimulant
• A - mucosal lining degeneration can occur if not
  provided in large quantities
• E - immune system
• Biotin - hoof hardness
• Pantothenic Acid - reproduction
• Niacin - growth rates and milk production?