Title: Time Line
1Time Line
Middle Ages (450-1450)
- Rome sacked by Vandals 455
- Beowolf c. 700
- First Crusade 1066
- Black Death 1347-52
- Joan of Arc executed by English 1431
Part II The Middle Ages and Renaissance
2The Middle Ages
- Period of wars and mass migration
Strong class distinctions
- Nobility castles, knights in armor, feasting
- Peasantry lived in huts serfspart of land
- Clergy ruled everyone only monks literate
Part II The Middle Ages and Renaissance
3The Middle Ages
Architecture
Visual Arts
- Stressed iconic/symbolic, not realism
Late Middle Ages saw technological progress
Part II The Middle Ages and Renaissance
4Chapter 1 Music in the Middle Ages
- Church dominates musical activity
- Most musicians were priests
- Women did not sing in mixed church settings
Music primarily vocal and sacred
- Instruments not used in church
Chapter 1
5Gregorian Chant
Was official music of Roman Catholic Church
- No longer common since Second Vatican Council
Monophonic melody set to Latin text
Flexible rhythm without meter and beat
Named for Pope Gregory I (r. 590-604)
Originally no music notation system
- Notation developed over several centuries
6The Church Modes
Otherworldly soundbasis of Gregorian Chant
Different ½ and whole steps than modern scales
Middle Ages and Renaissance used these scales
- Some Western Music uses these scale patterns
- What Do You Do With a Drunken Sailor?Dorian mode
- When Johnny Comes Marching HomeAeolian mode
Chapter 1
7Listening
- Alleluia Vidimus stellam
- (We Have Seen His Star)
- Listening Outline p. 68
- Brief set, CD 147
- Listen for Gregorian Chant (Latin language)
- Many notes per syllable of text
- Monophonic texture
- Ternary formA B A
Chapter 1
8Chapter 1 Music in Nonwestern Cultures
Characteristics of Nonwestern Music
It reflects its supporting culture
- Frequently linked with religion, dance and drama
- Often used to communicate messages and relate
traditions
Chapter 1
9Oral Tradition
Frequently transmitted by oral tradition
- Music notation far less important than in western
culture
- Many cultures do not have a music notation
- When they do, it serves as a record, not for
teaching or performance
Chapter 1
10Improvisation
- Improvisation is frequently basic to the music
- Improvisation usually based on traditional
melodic phrases and rhythmic patterns
Chapter 1
11Voices
Singing usually main way of making music
Vocal approach, timbre, and techniques vary
throughout the world
- Nasal sound
- Strained tone
- Throat singing
- Many others
Chapter 1
12Music in Society
- Music permeates African life from religion,
entertainment, and magic to rites of passage
It is so interwoven into life that the abstract
word music is not used by many peoples
Chapter 2
13Closely associated with dancing in ceremonies,
rituals, and celebrations
- Dancers frequently play and sing while dancing
Music is a social activityeveryone joins in
No musical notationpassed by oral tradition
Chapter 2
14Elements of African Music
Rhythm and Percussion
Complex rhythms and polyrhythms predominate
Dancers choose to follow any of the various
rhythms
The body used as an instrument
- Clapping, stamping, slapping thigh/chest
Chapter 2
15Vocal Music
Wide variety of sounds, even within a single piece
- Call and response extremely common
Percussion ostinato frequently accompanies singers
Short musical phrases repeated to different words
Chapter 2
16Texture
Often homophonic or polyphonic
- This is unlike most nonwestern musics
Same melody often sung at many pitch levels
Chapter 2
17Listening
- Ompeh
- Song from central Ghana
- Claude Debussy
- Listening Outline p. 411
- Brief Set, CD 466
- Music of the Akan-speaking peoples in Ghana.
- Listen for Call and response
- Solo vocalist and chorus
- Percussion ensemble
Chapter 2
18Time Line
Renaissance (1450-1600)
Guttenberg Bible 1456 Columbus reaches
America 1492 Leonardo da Vinci Mona Lisa
c. 1503 Michelangelo
David 1504
Raphael School of Athens 1505
Martin Luthers 95 Theses 1517 Shakespeare
Romeo and Juliet 1596
Part II The Middle Ages and Renaissance
19The Renaissance
Rebirth of human learning and creativity
Time of great explorers
Humanism
Fascination with ancient Greece and Rome
Part II The Middle Ages and Renaissance
20The Renaissance
Visual art becomes more realistic
- Mythology is favorite subject
- Nude body, as in ancient times, is shown
Weakening of the Catholic Church
Education and literacy now status symbol
- Result of invention of printing press
Part II The Middle Ages and Renaissance
21Chapter 2 Music in the Renaissance
- Church choirs grew in size (all male)
Rise of the individual patron
- Musical center shifted from church to courts
- Court composers wrote secular and sacred music
- Women did not sing in mixed church settings
Chapter 2
22Musicians higher status and pay than before
- Composers became known for their work
Many composers were Franco-Flemish
- Worked throughout Europe, especially in Italy
Italy became music capital in 16th century
- Other important centers Germany, England, Spain
Chapter 2
23Characteristics of Renaissance Music
Vocal music more important than instrumental
Word painting/text painting
Chapter 2
24Texture
Polyphonic
Primarily vocal - a cappella
- Instruments, if present, doubled the vocal parts
Rhythm and Melody
Rhythm flows and overlaps
- Composers less concerned with metrical accents
Smooth, stepwise melodies predominate
- Melodies overlap rhythmically between voices
Chapter 2
25Secular Music in the Renaissance
- Intended for amateur performers (after dinner
music)
- Extensive use of text painting
- Printed in part-book or opposing-sheet format
Printing
Printing
- English madrigal lighter and simpler
Printing
Printing
Chapter 2
26Listening
- As Vesta was Descending (1601)
- by Thomas Weelkes
- Vocal Music Guide p. 87
- Brief Set, CD 162
- Follow text (English) throughout song
- Note text painting
- Pitches rise on ascending
- Pitches fall on descending
- Running down
- Two by two, three by three, all alone
Chapter 2
27Time Line
Shakespeare Hamlet 1600 Cervantes Don
Quixote 1605 Jamestown founded 1607 Galileo
Earth orbits Sun 1610 King James
Bible 1611 Newton Principia Mathematica 1687 Wi
tchcraft trials in Salem, Mass. 1692 Defoe
Robinson Crusoe 1719 Swift Gullivers
Travels 1726
PART IIITHE BAROQUE PERIOD
28The Baroque Style
- Time of flamboyant lifestyle
Baroque style fills the space
Visual Art
PART IIITHE BAROQUE PERIOD
29The Baroque Style
Architecture
Change in approach to science
- Experiment-based, not just observation
- Inventions and improvements result
PART IIITHE BAROQUE PERIOD
30Chapter 1 Baroque Music
- Period begins with rise of opera
- Opera a play with speaking parts sung
Period ends with death of J. S. Bach
The two giants Bach and Handel
Other important composers
- Claudio Monteverdi
- Henry Purcell
- Arcangelo Corelli
- Antonio Vivaldi
Chapter 1
31Period divided into 3 phases
- Text with extreme emotion
- Homophonic to project words
Chapter 1
32Period divided into 3 phases
- New musical style spreads from Italy throughout
Europe
- Use of the church modes gives way to major and
minor scales - Rise of importance of instrumental music
Chapter 1
33Period divided into 3 phases
- Instrumental music becomes as important as vocal
music
- Elaborate polyphony dominates
- Most baroque music we hear comes from the Late
Baroque
Chapter 1
34Chapter 2Music in Baroque Society
- New music, not old-fashioned, was desired
Courts
- Music and musical resources indicated affluence
Court Music Director
- Good prestige, pay, and other benefits
- Still considered a skilled servant
Chapter 2
35- Some aristocrats were musicians
Church music was very elaborate
- Most people heard music only in church
Some, though few, public opera houses
Music careers taught by apprenticeship
- Orphanages taught music as a trade
Chapter 2
36Characteristics of Baroque Music
- Expresses one mood per piece
Rhythm
- Rhythmic patterns are repeated throughout
Melody
- Opening melody heard again and again
Dynamics
- Volumes constant with abrupt changes
Texture
- Late baroque mostly polyphonic
- Extensive use of imitation
Chapter 1
37Chords and the Basso Continuo
- Emphasis on way chords follow each other
- Bass part considered foundation of the harmony
- Basso Continuo bass part with numbers to
represent chord tones
- Similar to modern jazz and pop fake book
notation
Words and Music
- Text painting/word painting continues
- Words frequently emphasized by extension through
many rapid notes
Chapter 1
38Chapter 5 The Elements of Opera
- Drama sung to orchestral accompaniment
Text in opera is called libretto
- Music is written by a composer
- Libretto is written by a librettist
Opera can be serious, comic, or both
Chapter 5
39Two primary types of solo songs
- Recitative presents plot material
- Aria expresses emotionusually a show-off
vehicle for the singer
Other types of songs in opera
- Allows for conversation between characters
- Three or more singers make up an ensemble
Chapter 5
40- Chorus groups of actors playing crowd parts
The prompter and the prompters box
The orchestra pit
Preludes Instrumentals that open opera acts
Modern questions concerning text in opera
- Translation of text and effects upon text painting
- Supertitlesprojection of text above the stage
Chapter 5
41Chapter 7 Claudio Monteverdi
- Italian, early baroque composer
Wrote first great operatic work, Orfeo
Worked last 30 years at St. Marks in Venice
- Composed both sacred music and secular music for
the aristocracy
Only three of his twelve operas still exist
Chapter 7
42Listening
- Tu Se Morta from Orfeo (Orpheus, 1607)
- Claudio Monteverdi
- Vocal Music Guide p. 119
- Brief Set, CD 171
- Listen for Homophonic texture
- Rhythmically free vocal line
- Use of text painting
Chapter 7
43Time Line
Freud Interpretation of Dreams 1900 Einstein
special theory of relativity 1905 First World
War 1914-1918 Russian Revolution
begins 1917 Great Depression begins 1929 Hitle
r appointed chancellor of Germany 1933 Second
World War 1939-1945 Atomic bomb destroys
Hiroshima 1945
PART VITHE TWENTIETH CENTURY AND BEYOND
44Time Line
Korean War 1950-1953 Crick Watson
structure of DNA 1953 Vietnam War
1955-1975 President Kennedy assassinated
1963 American astronauts land on moon
1969 Dissolution of the Soviet Union
1991 Mandela elected president of South Africa
1994 Terrorist attacks in U.S. 2001 War
in Iraq began 2003
PART VITHE TWENTIETH CENTURY AND BEYOND
45Characteristics of Twentieth-Century Music
Tone Color
Unusual playing techniques were called for
- Glissando, flutter tongue, col legno, extended
notes
Percussion use was greatly expanded
- New instruments were added/created
- Xylophone, celesta, woodblock,
- Other instruments typewriter, automobile brake
drum, siren
Chapter 1
46Music not written for choirs of instruments
- Composers wrote for timbres, or groups of
soloists
- Unusual groupings of instruments for small
ensembles
- Orchestra scoring also reflects this trend
Chapter 1
47Harmony
Consonance and Dissonance
Harmony and treatment of chords changed
- Before 1900 consonant and dissonant
- Opposite sides of the coin
- After 1900 degrees of dissonance
Chapter 1
48Rhythm
Rhythmic vocabulary expanded
- Emphasis upon irregularity and unpredictability
Chapter 1
49Melody
Melody no longer bound by harmonys notes
Major and minor keys no longer dominate
Melody may be based upon a variety of scales, or
even all twelve tones
Chapter 1
50Chapter 18 Jazz
- Developed in the United States
- Began around 1900 in New Orleans
- Originally music for bars and brothels
- Early practitioners primarily African-American
Main characteristics
- Improvisation
- Syncopated rhythm
- Steady beat
- Call and response
Originally performance music not notated
Tremendous impact on pop and art music
Chapter 18
51Jazz in Society
- Geographical center has moved around
Originally music for dancing
- Listening forms later developed
- No longer associated with unfashionable lifestyle
- Colleges now offer bachelor and graduate degrees
in jazz
Chapter 18
52Roots of Jazz
Blend of elements of several cultures
- West African emphasis on improvisation,
percussion, and call and response techniques
- American brass band influence on instrumentation
- European harmonic and structural practice
Ragtime and blues were immediate sources
Chapter 18
53Blues
Vocal and instrumental form
Twelve-measure (bar) musical structure
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
I
IV
I
V
I
Three-part vocal structure a a b
- Statementrepeat of statementcounterstatement
Chapter 18
54Listening
Performance Profile Bessie Smith,
vocalist Listen for performers interpretation
that includes clear diction, powerful round
sound, and bent notes
- Lost Your Head Blues (1926)
- Performed by Bessie Smith
- (Smith known as Empress of the Blues)
- Vocal Music Guide p. 375
- Brief Set, CD 457
- Listen for Strophic form
- Twelve-bar blues form
- Three-part (a a b) vocal structure
- Trumpet answers vocalist (call and response)
Chapter 18
55Chapter 20 Rock
- First called rock and roll, later shortened to
rock
Common features
- Hard-driving beat
- Featured electric guitar
- Made use of heavily amplified sound
Grew mainly from rhythm and blues
- Also drew influences from country and western
Incorporated new technologies as they came
available
Chapter 20
56Development of Rock
- Early performers included
- Bill Haley and His Comets
- Elvis Presley (King of Rock and Roll)
Chapter 20
571960s
Rock by black performers called soul
- James Brown, Ray Charles, Aretha Franklin
Motown blended RB with mainstream music
- Diana Ross the Supremes, Stevie Wonder,
1964 US tour by the Beatles, an English group
- More English groups followed The British Invasion
- Beatles most influential group in rock history
Chapter 20
58Elements of Rock
Tone Color
- Guitar-based, small core performance group
- Two guitars, bass guitar, drum set, keyboards
- Usually a singer/instrumentalist
- Occasionally other instruments (horns, strings,
etc.)
Frequent vocal effects (shout, scream, falsetto)
Chapter 20
59Rhythm
Almost always in 4/4 meter
- Simple subdivision of beats
- Late-70s 80s more rhythmically complex
- Result of polyrhythmic influences of African
music
Chapter 20
60Form, Melody, and Harmony
- Two commonly utilized forms
- Thirty-two-bar A A B A form
Short, repeated melodic patterns
Usually built on modes, not major/minor
Harmonically simple
- Usually three or four (or fewer) chords
- Often uses chord progressions that were rare in
earlier popular music
Chapter 20
61Listening
- Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds (1967)
- from Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band
- The Beatles
- Sgt. Pepper was rock setting of unified song
cycle (13 songs). Wide range of instruments,
influences, and styles. - Listening Guide p. 400
- Lucy in the Sky, third song in cycle, has three
sections A B are gentle in triple meter, while
C strongly contrasts and is in quadruple meter.
Chapter 20
62Time Line
Monroe Doctrine 1823 Hugo Hunchback of Notre
Dame 1831 Dickens Oliver Twist 1837 Dumas The
Three Musketeers 1844 Poe The
Raven 1845 Darwin Origin of
Species 1859 American Civil War 1861-1865 Twa
in Huckleberry Finn 1884 Bell invents
telephone 1876
PART VTHE ROMANTIC PERIOD
63Romanticism (1820-1900)
- Stressed emotion, imagination, and individualism
Emotional subjectivity basis of arts
Favorite artistic topics
- Fantasy and the supernatural
- Middle Ages/concept of chivalry and romance
- Architecture revived Gothic elements
- Nature as mirror of the human heart
Period of the Industrial Revolution
- Resulted in social and economic changes
PART VTHE ROMANTIC PERIOD
64Chapter 1 Romanticism in Music
- Many important Romantic composers
Franz Schubert
Bedrich Smetana Antonin Dvorák Peter
Tchaikovsky Johannes Brahms Giuseppe
Verdi Giacomo Puccini Richard Wagner
Robert Schumann Clara Schumann Frederic
Chopin Franz Liszt Felix Mendelssohn Hector
Berlioz
Chapter 1
65Continued use of classical period forms
- Much individual alteration and adjustment
Greater range of tone color, dynamics, and pitch
than in classical period
Expanded harmonycomplex chords
Chapter 1
66Characteristics of Romantic Music
Individuality of Style
Composers wanted uniquely identifiable music
- Worked to find their own voice
In romantic music, it is far easier to identify
individual composers through listening
Chapter 1
67Expressive Aims and Subjects
All approaches were explored
- Flamboyance, intimacy, unpredictability,
melancholy, rapture, longing,
Romantic love still the focus of songs and operas
- Lovers frequently depicted as unhappy and facing
overwhelming obstacles
Dark topics draw composers
Chapter 1
68Colorful Harmony
Chords built with notes not in traditional keys
Harmonic instability a consciously used device
- Wide use of keys
- Frequent and rapid modulation
Chapter 1
69Expanded Range of Dynamics, Pitch, and Tempo
Dynamics ff, pp expanded to ffff and pppp
Extremely high and low pitches were added
Changes in mood frequently underlined by
(sometimes subtle) shifts in tempo
- Rubato slight holding back or pressing forward
of tempo
Chapter 1
70Forms Miniature and Monumental
Some composers went on for hours
- Required hundreds of performers
Others music lasted only a few minutes
- Written for a single instrument
Composers wrote symphonies, sonatas, string
quartets, concertos, operas, and many other
classically traditional works
Chapter 1
71Chapter 2 Romantic Composers and Their Public
- Demise of the patronage system
- Composers regarded themselves as free spirits
- Decline in aristocratic fortuneNapoleonic wars
New urban classes and new musical topics
Music conservatories founded in Europe and U.S.
Public was entranced by virtuosity
Chapter 2
72Private music-making increased
- Piano became fixture in most homes
Composers and audience came from the same social
class
Few composers were financially successful
- Most supported themselves through performing,
teaching lessons, and/or authoring
Chapter 2
73Chapter 3 The Art Song
- Composition for solo voice and piano
- Accompaniment integral part of the song
Linked to vast amount of poetry in this period
- Composers interpret poems, mood, atmosphere and
imagery into music
- Mood often set at beginning with piano
introduction and summed up at end with piano
postlude
Chapter 3
74Strophic and Through-Composed Form
Strophic form repeats music for each verse
Through-composednew music for each verse
Sometimes modified strophic form used
The Song Cycle
Group of songs unified in some manner
- Storyline or musical idea may link the songs
Chapter 3
75Chapter 4 Franz Schubert
- Born in Vienna (1797-1828)
Early Romantic composer
Prodigious output
- When eh was 18 years old, he wrote 143 songs
- At 19 years of age, he wrote 179 works
- Included two symphonies, an opera, and a mass
Not financially successful
- His symphonies were not performed until after his
death
Chapter 4
76Schuberts Music
Wrote over 600 songs
- Also symphonies, string quartets, other chamber
music, sonatas, masses, operas, and piano works
- The Unfinished Symphony only two movements, not
four
Chapter 4
77Listening
- Erlkonig (The Erlking 1815)
- Franz Schubert
- Vocal Music Guide p. 223
- Brief Set, CD 312
- Based upon narrative ballad with supernatural
topic by Goethe - Listen for Through-composed form
- Piano portrays galloping horse
- Different characters have their notes pitched
at different levels to emphasize dialog - Dramatic ending
Chapter 4
78Chapter 11 Johann Sebastian Bach
- German, late baroque composer
Organist and violinist
- Deeply religious (Lutheran)
- Worked in sacred and secular positions
Large family
Chapter 11
79Known during lifetime as keyboardist, not composer
Almost unknown outside Germany
Baroque style going out of fashion during his
lifetime
- Bachs music fell from use following his death
Chapter 11
80Bachs Music
Wrote in every form except opera
- Compositions recognized for technical mastery
- Highpoint of polyphony combined with harmony
- All music majors study Bachs compositions
His extensive instrumental works indicate the new
importance of instrumental music
Wrote music exploring musical concepts
- Art of the Fugue demonstrates potential of this
form
- Six suites for solo cello demonstrates cello
techniques
- Well-Tempered Clavier explores new method of
tuning
Chapter 11
81Chapter 13 The Chorale and Church Cantata
- Lutheran church service was social event of the
week
- Lasted four hours with one-hour sermon
- Music was major part of worship service
- Congregation participated in singing chorales
Chapter 13
82Chorale hymn tune with German text
Cantata
- Multi-movement church work for chorus, soloists,
and orchestra
- Vernacular religious text
- Resembled opera in its use of choruses,
recitatives, arias, and duets
Chapter 13
83Listening
- Cantata No. 140 Wachet Auf, Ruft Uns Die Stimme
- (Awake, A Voice Is Calling Us-1731)
- Johann Sebastian Bach
Based upon a chorale tune that was then over
130 years old Listening Guide p. 135 Brief
Set, CD 245 Listen for Vernacular (German)
text A A B form
Chapter 13
84Listening
- Cantata No. 140 Wachet Auf, Ruft Uns Die Stimme
- (Awake, A Voice Is Calling Us-1731)
- Johann Sebastian Bach
First movement Chorus and Orchestra Listening
Guides pp. 136-138 Basic Set, CD 239 Listen
for Vernacular (German) text Chorale tune
basis Polyphonic Ritornello form
Chapter 13
85Listening
- Cantata No. 140 Wachet Auf, Ruft Uns Die Stimme
- (Awake, A Voice Is Calling Us-1731)
- Johann Sebastian Bach
Fourth movement Tenor Chorale Vocal Music
Guide p. 139 Basic Set, CD 239 (Brief Set, CD
212) Listen for Scored for tenors,
violins/violas in unison, and basso
continuo Chorale tune basis Ritornello form
Chapter 13
86Listening
- Cantata No. 140 Wachet Auf, Ruft Uns Die Stimme
- (Awake, A Voice Is Calling Us-1731)
- Johann Sebastian Bach
Seventh movement Chorale Vocal Music Guide
p. 140 Basic Set, CD 245 (Brief Set, CD
215) Listen for Chorale tune
basis Homophonic, instruments double
voices Simple/tunefulcongregation could join
in
Chapter 13
87Chapter 14 The Oratorio
- Large-scale work for chorus, soloists, and
orchestra - Contains arias, recitatives, ensembles
Unlike opera
- No acting, scenery, or costumes
- Based upon biblical stories
Not intended for religious services
- Commonly performed today in both churches and
concert halls
Chapter 14
88Chapter 15 George Frederic Handel
- Born in Germanysame year as Bach
- Father wanted him to be a lawyer
Studied music in Germany, then to Italy to study
opera, finally England to work
- Became Englands most important composer
- Wrote many operas in London
- Worked as composer, performer, and impresario
- Buried in Westminster Abbey
Chapter 15
89Handels Music
Wrote in every baroque form
- Bulk of his work in oratorios and operas
- Favored Old Testament stories as topics for
oratorios
His music has more changes in texture than Bachs
Extensive use of changing moods
- Shifts between major and minor keys
- His arias showcase virtuoso singers abilities
Chapter 15
90- The Messiah (1741)
- George Frederic Handel
2½ hours of music written over a period of 24 days
Premiered to wide acclaim during a trip to Ireland
Poorly received in England until a performance to
benefit an orphanage
Topic Prophesies about Christ, his birth, and
death
Text drawn from Biblical passages
Chapter 15
91Listening
- The Messiah (1741)
- George Frederic Handel
- Evry Valley Shall Be Exalted
- Aria for tenor, strings, and basso continuo
- Vocal Music Guide p. 144
- Brief Set, CD 210
- Listen for Opens and closes with string
ritornello - Extensive text painting
Chapter 15
92Listening
- The Messiah (1741)
- George Frederic Handel
- For unto Us a Child is Born
- Chorus, strings, and basso continuo
- Listening Guide p. 147
- Basic Set, CD 251
- Listen for Joyful musical mood
- Subdued dynamics until forte outburst
- Extensive text painting
Chapter 15
93Listening
- The Messiah (1741)
- George Frederic Handel
- Hallelujah Chorus
- Vocal Music Guide pp. 146-147
- Brief Set, CD 211
- Listen for Mixture of monophonic,
polyphonic, homophonic textures - Words and phrases repeat over and over
Chapter 15