Title: Cultivation Prospects of Rare Endangered and Threatened Medicinal Plants.
1Cultivation Prospects of Rare Endangered and
Threatened Medicinal Plants.
Presentation by S.Venu Gopal. I.F.S. A.P.C.C.F.
C.E.O. KAMPA, Bangalore
- Email venugopal_s06_at_yahoo.co.in
- Symposium on Afforestation of Medicinal Trees
- World Ayurveda Congress,
- Jaipur, 20 Dec 2008
2Major Factors in Medicinal Plants Sector - USAGE
- No. Plant based Med Plants formulations 25,000
- No. of Species refered as usable 6200 (40 of
higher plnt BD) - Modern 204, Homeo506, Ayu2351, Sidha1785,
Unani979, Tibetan350, Folk5137 - 80 Populn in deving countries use med plnts No.
of spp. Actively used 1500 - No of spp used in herbal Industry 960 (178 in
high trade gt100mt/yr) - No. of botanical raw drugs in trade 1289
- No of regd herbal industries 9500
- Est annual dem of bot raw drugs Value 3,19,500
mt, Rs1,069 Cr. ( 05-06, dry wt, excl spices) - Turn over Rs. 8800 Cr.
- Imports 37,483mt, (58 gum arabiclong pepper)
- Cultivation 1,18,000ha 1,21,400mt
(mainIsabgol, Senna, jojoba, Henna, Ashwagandha,
Milk thistle) - No. of spp. Under commercial cultivation 36
- Exported 63 spp Imported 40 spp
- gt90 brought from Nature 70 Destructive
harvesting
3ISSUES IN MEDICINAL PLANTS SECTOR DEVELOPMENT
- Heavy proportion of industrial use of medicinal
plants raw material sourced from forests
countryside being the severemost threat to
biodiversity conservation and also hitting
cultivators viability. (90) -
- Unsustainable destructive harvesting (70)
- Lack of marketing and viable price opportunities
for cultivators for all utilised species
economy of scale. - Non availability of Cultivation Protocol and
genetically superior QPM for all species. - Lack of infrastructure Local Processing,
Storage facility, Marketing facility,
Laboratories. - Quality Adulteration, Contamination
Substitution in Medicinal plants products - Lopsided sharing of the market value favouring
industries traders disadvantaging farmers. - Violent price fluctuations.
4Maj Med Plants fr Trop forests (gt100mt)
- Acacia catechu (Katha)
- Acacia nilotical (Babul)
- Acacia sinuata (sige)
- Aegle marmelos (bael)
- Albizzia amara (cheroola)
- Alstonia scholaris (saptaparni)
- Anogeissus latifolia (dhawada)
- Asparagus racemosus (shatavari)
- Baliospermum montanum(Dantimool)
- Bombax ceiba ( Simal)
- Boswellia serrata (salai guggul)
- Buchnania lanzan (Chironji)
- Butea monosperma (Tesu phool)
- Careya arborea (Vaai kumbha)
- Cassia fistula ( Amaltas)
- Celastrus paniculatus(Malkangani
- Chlorophytum tuberosum (safedmusli)
- Decalepis hamiltonii ( Magali)
- Desmodium gangeticum (salparni)
- Embelia tsjerium-cottam(vaividang
- Emblica officianalis (Amla)
- Garcinia indica ( Kokum)
- Gardenia resinifera (Dikamali)
- Gmelina arborea (Gambar chhal)
- Holoptelea integrifolia (Aavithali)
- Holostemma ada-kodien (Jivanti)
- Ipomoea mauritiana(Palmudukan kizhangu)
- Ixora coccinea ( Thechipoovu)
- Lannea coromandelica(Jhinganjingini)
- Litsea glutinosa (Maida chal)
- Lobelia nicotianaefolia (Lobelia leaves)
- Madhuca indica (Madhuka)
- Mesua ferrea (Nagakesar)
- Mimusops elengi (Bakul)
5Maj Med Plants fr Trop forests (gt100mt)
Contd..
- Oroxylum indicum (Tetu chal)
- Premna serratifolia (Arnimool)
- Pterocarpus marsupium( Vijaysar)
- Pterocarpus santalinus (Raktachandan)
- Rauvolfia serpentina ( Sarpagandha)
- Rubia cordifolia (Manjishtha)
- Santalum album ( Chandan)
- Sapindus mukorossi ( Reetha)
- Saraca asoca (Ashoka chal)
- Schrebera swietenioides (Ghanti phool)
- Semecarpus anacardium (Balave)
- Shorea robusta ( Raal)
- Smilax glabra ( Chopchini)
- Soymida febrifuga ( Rohan)
- Sterculia urens ( Karaya)
- Stereospermum chelonoides (Patala)
- Strychnos nux-vomica ( Kuchla)
- Terminalia bellirica ( Behra)
- Terminalia chebula ( Harda)
- Vateria indica ( Manda dhoopa)
- Wrightia tinctoria ( Inderjau)
- Ziziphus xylocarpus (Chonta phala)
Total 70 species.
6Major Exported Species
- Isabgol ( Psyllium husk)
- Senna ( leaves and pods)
- Henna ( Leaves and powder)
- Myrobalans
- Total account for 70 of exports by vol
7Major Imported Species
- Agar (Aquilaria agallocha) also native
- Guggul (Commiphora wightii) also native
- Mulethi ( Glyeyrrhiza glabra)
- Chavak (Piper chaba)
- Majuphal (Quercus infectoria)
8Endangered M species Karnataka
- Chonemorpha fragrans(Chandra hoovu)
- Drosera indica(Krimi nashini)
- Drosera peltata(Thee hullu)
- Michalia champaca (Sampige)
- Persea macrantha ( Gul mavu)
- Rauvolfia serpentina( Sarpa gandha)
- Saraca asoka (Ashoka)
- Nothapodytes nimmoniana(Durvasane mara Modern
med)
9Subject to heavy Adulterations
- Acacia catechu
- Acacia nilotica
- Saraca asoka
- Casia angustifolia
- Piper nigrum
- Mentha piperata
- Rauvolfia serpentina
- Cinchona officinalis
- Santalum album
- Acorus calamus
- Curcuma aromatica(wild turmeric)
- Holarrhena antidysenterica
- Mentha piperata
- Aconitum heterophilum
10Vulnerable M Species - Karnataka
- Adenia hondala (Kempu chendu Balli)
- Aegle marmelos(Bilva)
- Aphanamixis polystachya(Mullu muthuga)
- Aristolochia tagala(Dodda eshwari balli)
- Baliospemum montanum ( Naga danti)
- Embelia ribes ( Huli meese)
- Garcinia morella ( Pon puli)
- Gloriosa superba(Karadi kannina gadde)
- Holostemma ada dodien ( Jeevanti)
- Madhuca longifolia(Hippe)
- Madhuca nerifolia (Hole hippe)
- Myristica dactyloides (Kadu Jaikai)
- Operculina turpethum (Deva danti)
- Oroxylum indicum (Boone pale)
11Vulnerable M Species Karnataka Contd..
- Piper mullesua (Gaja pippali)
- Pseudarthria viscida ( Antu bele)
- Raphidophora pertusa(Dodda thippali)
- Santalum album ( Gandha)
- Schrebera swietenioides(Gante,Mogalinga)
- Symplocos racemosa (Bala doddali)
- Tinospora sinensis (Sudarshana balli)
12Near threatened m Species Karnataka
- Celastrus paniculatus (Kanagili balli, Karigonne)
- Hedychium coronarium(Karppura ver adulterant
also) - Nervilia aragoana(Padma karini)
- Piper nigrum( kari menasu )
- Smilax zeylanica ( Kadu hambu tavare)
- Symplocos cochinchinensis(Boodaganni,Lodhra)
- Terminalia arjuna (Bili mathi, neeru mathi)
13non Orchid CITES PLANT SPECIES OF INDIA
restricted to Medicinal Plants
- Family APOCYNACEAE
- Rauvolfia serpentina Benth. ex
Kurz - Family ASCLEPIADACEAE
- Frerea indica Dalz.
- Family COMPOSITAE
- Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch.
(Saurauia napaulensis is a listed med plant of
India) - Family CYCADACEAE
- Cycas circinalis L.
- Family LEGUMINOSAE
- Pterocarpus santalinus Linn.f.
- Family SCROPHULARIACEAE
- Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth
.(Picrorhiza scrophulariaeflora is
listed as medicinal species) - Family TAXACEAE
- Taxus chinensis (Pilg.) Rehder (
Taxus baccata is a listed med species) - Taxus wallichiana Zucc.
- Family THYMELAEACEAE
- Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk. (Also
Aquilagia fragrans is listed med plant species) - Family VALERIANACEAE
- Nardostachys grandiflora DC.
14CLOSE SUBSTITUTE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF SOUTH
INDIA TO CITES IND LIST
- Family
- COMPOSITAE
-
- Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch. -
(Saurauia napaulensis is a listed med plant of
India) - Family
- TAXACEAE
-
- Taxus chinensis (Pilg.) Rehder (
Taxus baccata is a listed med species) -
15STATUS of CITES LIST MED PLNTS in south India
- Family APOCYNACEAE Rauvolfia serpentina
Benth. ex Kurz - SARPAGANDHA (Kan, San),
Sarpaganthi(Mal, Tam, Tel), Amalpori(Mal, Harki (
Mar), Sivan amalpodi ( Tam), Patalganthi (Tel) - Endangered ( A1c,d) Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil
nadu. - Family CYCADACEAECycas circinalis L.
MALBARI SUPARI(Mar), GODDU EECHALU/ Mund isalu
(Kan), Jangali Madan Mast (Hin), Eentha pana (
Mal), Madana kama raja/ Salaparai/ Eentha panai (
Tam), Rana guvva/ Perita/ Madana kamakshi (Tel) - Critically Endangered(A1c, d) in Karnataka and
Tamilnadu Vulnerable in Kerala (A1c) - Endemic to Peninsular India.
- Active ingredient cycasin in nuts. Flavones in
leaves. - Aphrodisiac, rejuvinator, asthma, urinary
disorder, haemorrhage, fever etc. - Used in place of Pueraria tuberosa tubers.
16STATUS of CITES LIST MED PLNTS in south India-
Contd.
- Family DIOSCOREACEAE Dioscorea delt
oidea Wallich ex Kunth - Various species of Dioscoreaceae are used
mainly in place of Dioscorea bulbifera (Heggenasu
Kan) which is used for Cardiac problem,
aphrodisiac, rejuvinator, urinary calculi, worm,
polyuria, leprosy. Other species used are
Dioscorea belophylla, Dioscorea hamiltonii,
Dioscorea hispida, Dioscorea pentaphylla (Kadu
gumbala Kan), Dioscorea tomentosa, Dioscorea
wallchii. -
- Family LEGUMINOSAE Pterocarpus san
talinus Linn.f. Rakta Chandan, Agaru/
Honne(Kan), Patrangam/ Tilaparnni(Mal), Agaru
gandhamu/ Yerra chandanamu/ Rakta chandanam(Tel),
Ratha sandanam/ Chenkunkumam/ Sivappu chandanam/
Sandana vengai ( Tam) - Critically Endangered ( A1c, d) Globally.
Endemic to Eastern ghats of AP and adjoining
regions of Karnataka and Tamilnadu -
- Family THYMELAEACEAE Aquilaria mal
accensis Lamk. - Dysoxylum malabaricum ( Agaru, Bili
Devadaru(Kan), Vellagil, Akil(Mal), Agil
Vellaiyagil(Tam) is used as substitute for
Aquilaria malaccensis which is app ii in Cites
list. Disoxylum malabaricum is endangered
globally (A1c,d) endemic to western ghats in
Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu.
17LIST OF PLANT SPECIES CITES - INDIA
(including Medicinal Plants and Orchids 31443
474
- Family APOCYNACEAE Rauvolfia ser
pentina Benth. ex Kurz - Family ASCLEPIADACEAE Frerea in
dica Dalz. - Family COMPOSITAE Saussurea cos
tus (Falc.) Lipsch. - Family CYATHEACEAE
- Alsophila spinulosa (Wallich ex
Hook. 1844) R.Tryon 1970 - Cyathea albosetacea (Beddome 1876)
Copel. 1909 - Cyathea andersonii (Beddome 1869)
Copel 1909 - Cyathea balakrishnanii R.D.Dixit
A.K.Tripath - Cyathea brunoniana ( Wall. ex
Hook. 1844) C.B. Clarke Baker 1888 - Cyathea chinensis Copel. 1909
- Cyathea contaminans (Wallich ex
Hook. 1844) Copel. 1909 - Cyathea crinita (Hook.1844) Copel.
- Cyathea gigantea (Wallich ex Hook.
1844) Holttum 1935 - Cyathea henryi (Baker 1898) Copel.
1909 - Cyathea khasyana (Moore ex Kuhn
1869) Domin 1929 - Cyathea nilgirensis Holttum
- Cyathea spinulosa Wallich ex.
Hook. 1844 - Sphaeropteris albosetacea (Bedd.
1876) R.Tryon 1970 -
18Strategy, Direction
- Incorporation of Medicinal plants in forest pol,
working plns. - Plantation Regular, JFPM, Pvt, degraded
- Law to restrict regulate raw materials
utilisation from forests - Conservation measures similar to wild life
protection - Cites like agreement between States
- Nationalise trade of endangered species.
- QPM- Collection, Storage, Distribution, Nursery
- RD Genetic improvement,Cultivation protocol,
Market research - Initial process at site, Value addition in
village
19Stgy, Direction Contd.
- Promote cultivation in farmers lands
- Create marketing facility Information, Web
based marketing, provision in SAFAL. - Create Storage facility/utilise the existing
surplus facility - Pricing- Support price, Online price information,
breaking monopoly - Expansion of Industries and export
- Crop Insurance
- Good Agricultural practice Organic farming for
good good quality raw material - Good manufacturing practice to raise to global
quality - Subsidise cultivation of threatened species
- Registration coordination of all stakeholders
for synergy
20Land availability in Karnataka
- Total geographical area 19.179 Mha
- Total Forest Area 4.444 Mha
- Cultivable waste lands 0.439 Mha (2.3 of geo
area) - Current fallow lands 1.367 Mha(4.37 in 1960 to
8.77 in 1997) - Other fallow land .408 Mha
- Permanent pastures grazing land 1.005 Mha
- Degraded forest Area 0.325 Mha
- Agriculture land12.284 Mha
- Road length 1,31,592 kms
- Railways 2795 kms
- Est. Canal length 1000 kms
21STAKEHOLDERS IN THE PROCESS
- NMPB, SMPB.
- FOREST DEPARTMENT
- GOVERNMENTS
- MAP INDUSTRY
- EXPORTERS/IMPORTERS - MAP
- MAP TRADERS
- MAP GATHERERS/COLLECTORS
- FOREST AND LOCAL INHABITANTS as users
collectors - DOCTORS OF INDIAN SYS OF MEDICINES
- MAP NURSERIES
- MAP CULTIVATORS
- GLOBAL CLIENTALE/USERS OF MAP
22Category of Stakeholders.
- A. Those who are benefited Industries,
Exporters, Traders. - B. Those who have interests but low on priority
or disempowered. E.g., Farmers. And have other
options. - C. Those who have Power over resources such as
Land, Funds etc. but not enough interest.
It is necessary for Category A people to take
lead to convince and involve Cat C and B people
to get into medicinal plants cultivation.
23Critical Approach
- Medicinal Plantations by Forest depts, Forest Dev
corporations, Farmers other instns. - Curb illicit removals and destructive removals
from forests. - Legal,Economic administrative interventions to
achieve good price for growers together with crop
insurance, support price, subsidy in the initial
phase. - Information dissemination.
24CRITICAL INPUTS
- To raise priority level in the people in power
with reources, for medicinal plants and develop
a consensual policy and strategy. - Budget
- Land
- Technology.
- Infrastructure
25Thank You
26THANK YOU
- S. Venu Gopal. I.F.S.
- A.P.C.C.F. C.E.O.,
- KaMPu