Changing Social Behaviour: Public Policies in Bogot, Colombia, 19952003

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Changing Social Behaviour Public Policies in
Bogotá, Colombia, 1995-2003

• Ismael Ortiz
• Urban Observatory
• Mayors Office Bogotá
• November 2003

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BOGOTA 2003 POPULATION IN LOCALIDADES
(BOROUGHS)
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Changing Social Behaviour Public Policies in
Bogotá, Colombia, 1995-2003 - Ismael Ortiz -
Urban Observatory - Mayors Office Bogotá
Background

• Bogotá London
• Administrative area 1,732 sq km 1,572 sq km
• Built-up area 421 sq km 911 sq km
• Population 7.1 million (2003) 7.2 million
  (2001)
• Bogotas Elected Mayors, 1988-2006
• 1988 1990 Andres Pastrana
• 1990 1992 Juan M. Caicedo
• 1992 1994 Jaime Castro
• 1994 1997 Antanas Mockus
• 1997 2000 Enrique Penalosa
• 2000 2003 Antanas Mockus
• 2003 2006 Luis E. Garzon

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Poverty in Bogotá, 2000
NBI Unmet basic needs Misery line income
needed to cover essential goods and services for
survival
Source Bogota Planning Office
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Bogotá Distribution of Population according to
Socio-economic Stratum
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Changing Social Behaviour Public Policies in
Bogotá, Colombia, 1995-2003 - Ismael Ortiz -
Urban Observatory - Mayors Office Bogotá
The Citizen Culture Policy - Principles

• Launched by Mockus in 1995 (continued by
  Peñalosa)
• The citizen culture policy will perhaps help
  show that a conscious,
• socially visible and accepted change in
  collective habits and beliefs
• may become a core component of public management,
  and a
• common agenda for government and civil society.
• (Mockus,1998).
• A set of programmes and projects which reflect
  the city
• governments priority towards citizen
  co-existence through a
• conscious change in behaviour.

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Changing Social Behaviour Public Policies in
Bogotá, Colombia, 1995-2003 - Ismael Ortiz -
Urban Observatory - Mayors Office Bogotá
Concepts behind the policy

• A recognition of the differences between legal
  regulation, cultural regulation, and moral
  regulation (a hypothesis about the existence of a
  separation between law, morality and culture)
• This leads to an observation that behaviour
  within the law receives no moral or cultural
  approval, while illegal actions (bribery, fraud)
  receive cultural endorsement.

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Changing Social Behaviour Public Policies in
Bogotá, Colombia, 1995-2003 - Ismael Ortiz -
Urban Observatory - Mayors Office Bogotá
Law, Morality and Culture

• Behaviour rests on three systems of rules
  cultural, legal and moral.
• Cultural acceptability varies from one context to
  another.
• The Law is a more systematic and organised system
  of rules, and it is expressed through written
  codes.
• A feature of Modernity is that it unambiguously
  invites every individual to create her/his own
  coherent system of rules which allows her/him to
  self-govern according to her/his own rationality.

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Changing Social Behaviour Public Policies in
Bogotá, Colombia, 1995-2003 - Ismael Ortiz -
Urban Observatory - Mayors Office Bogotá
Which of the following do you respond more to?
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Law, Morality and Culture
Harmony vs. Separation
The Law
The Law
Culturally acceptable behaviour
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Changing Social Behaviour Public Policies in
Bogotá, Colombia, 1995-2003 - Ismael Ortiz -
Urban Observatory - Mayors Office Bogotá
The concept of coexistence

• To accept the norms without excuses on basis of
  morality, culture or custom
• Being able to make agreements
• Being able to trust
• Being tolerant

The concept of citizen culture
Rules, actions and customs shared by a
community, which - generate sense of identity -
facilitate coexistence in urban environments -
develop the respect of common goods - help to
recognize citizens rights and duties.
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Changing Social Behaviour Public Policies in
Bogotá, Colombia, 1995-2003 - Ismael Ortiz -
Urban Observatory - Mayors Office Bogotá
Areas of government intervention

• Transport and transit
• Use of the city
• Urban environment
• Public space
• Institutional legitimacy
• Coexistence and security

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Changing Social Behaviour Public Policies in
Bogotá, Colombia, 1995-2003 - Ismael Ortiz -
Urban Observatory - Mayors Office Bogotá
Transport Assessment in 2001
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Changing Social Behaviour Public Policies in
Bogotá, Colombia, 1995-2003 - Ismael Ortiz -
Urban Observatory - Mayors Office Bogotá
Coexistence - Agreements and contracts
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Changing Social Behaviour Public Policies in
Bogotá, Colombia, 1995-2003 - Ismael Ortiz -
Urban Observatory - Mayors Office Bogotá
Public space Assessment in 2001
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Changing Social Behaviour Public Policies in
Bogotá, Colombia, 1995-2003 - Ismael Ortiz -
Urban Observatory - Mayors Office Bogotá
Institutional legitimacy Assessment 2001
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Changing Social Behaviour Public Policies in
Bogotá, Colombia, 1995-2003 - Ismael Ortiz -
Urban Observatory - Mayors Office Bogotá
Common Murder and Deaths in Traffic Accidents,
1991 2001 (per 100,000 Inhabitants)
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Changing Social Behaviour Public Policies in
Bogotá, Colombia, 1995-2003 - Ismael Ortiz -
Urban Observatory - Mayors Office Bogotá
Murder rate, 1991-2002 (per 100,000 Inhabitants)
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Changing Social Behaviour Public Policies in
Bogotá, Colombia, 1995-2003 - Ismael Ortiz -
Urban Observatory - Mayors Office Bogotá
Deaths in traffic accidents, 1991-2002
Number of cases
Years
Source Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal y
Ciencias Forenses
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Changing Social Behaviour Public Policies in
Bogotá, Colombia, 1995-2003 - Ismael Ortiz -
Urban Observatory - Mayors Office Bogotá
Carrot Law

• The relation between alcohol consumption and
  violent deaths
• In 1995
• 49 of deaths in traffic accidents
• 33 of murders with firearms
• 35 of suicides
• 10 of accidental deaths

Disarmament

• The likelihood to cause death by accident with an
  firearm is 42 times higher to that when it is use
  for defensive purposes (US study!).
• In 1995, 74 of murders in Bogotá involved
  firearms (carried legally and illegally)

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Changing Social Behaviour Public Policies in
Bogotá, Colombia, 1995-2003 - Ismael Ortiz -
Urban Observatory - Mayors Office Bogotá
Methodology

• Creation of the Urban Culture Observatory
• System of indicators (linked to communication
  strategy)
• Communication
• Intervention on contexts
• Self-regulation
• Feedback

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Changing Social Behaviour Public Policies in
Bogotá, Colombia, 1995-2003 - Ismael Ortiz -
Urban Observatory - Mayors Office Bogotá
Methodology - features
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Convivencia conductor-peatón, un ejemplo
de corresponsabilidad

• Tarjeta ciudadana regulación interpersonal
  pacífica y aceptada.
• Mimos forma nueva de intervención de la
  autoridad.

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Programmes

• Disarmament
• Life is Sacred
• Reduction of water consumption
• Prohibition of fireworks
• Enforcement of traffic rules
• Carrot Law

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Changing Social Behaviour Public Policies in
Bogotá, Colombia, 1995-2003 - Ismael Ortiz -
Urban Observatory - Mayors Office Bogotá
Administration targets, 1995 - 1998

• Increase acceptance of the citizen cultures
  norms
• Empower citizens to solve conflicts
• Enrich forms of communication
• Empower citizens to drive others to accept norms
• Increase use and communication in public spaces

Administration targets, 2001 - 2004

• Reduction in violent deaths per day from 11 to 7
• Less people disobey the law
• More disarmament by law and change in customs
• Increase of 20 of perception of safeness
• Increase in perception of rights and trust
• Democratisation of cultural, environmental and
  sports activities

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Changing Social Behaviour Public Policies in
Bogotá, Colombia, 1995-2003 - Ismael Ortiz -
Urban Observatory - Mayors Office Bogotá
Changes on Law, culture and morality
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Changing Social Behaviour Public Policies in
Bogotá, Colombia, 1995-2003 - Ismael Ortiz -
Urban Observatory - Mayors Office Bogotá
The Citizen Culture Policy - Results

• Reduction in murder rates from 72 to 28 per
  100,000 inhabitants between 1994 and 2003
  (Worldwide7, South America 20).
• Citizens have voluntarily surrendered to the
  authorities some 5,000 potentially deadly
  weapons.
• Improvement in the use of transport
  infrastructure and a consequent reduction in
  mobility times, whilst promoting the use of
  alternative modes of transport to the private car
  (new mass transit system, bicycle routes, daily
  restrictions to vehicle circulation).
• Increase in citizens enjoyment of city space,
  for leisure, learning and play (four new
  mega-libraries, lineal parks, bicycle routes,
  cultural activities in public parks, city squares
  and respect for public space)
• Promotion of peaceful resolution of conflicts,
  and of civil resistance to violence and
  terrorism.
• Change sale and consumption of alcohol through
  the so-called Carrot Law (Nerds Law but also
  as in stick-and-carrot)

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Homicidio común en Colombia, 1992-2002
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Changing Social Behaviour Public Policies in
Bogotá, Colombia, 1995-2003 - Ismael Ortiz -
Urban Observatory - Mayors Office Bogotá
Murder rates in Latin American and US cities
Source Revista América Economía (May 2002),
Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal y Ciencias
Forenses.