SOUTHEAST BRAZIL

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SOUTHEASTBRAZIL

• Shannon Balke
• Nicole Ostrowski
• Mike Miller
• Sandra Abla
• Jon Varian
• Rob Allen

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GLOBAL / NATIONALENVIRONMENT
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The State of São Paulo

• Area 248,800 km2
• Population 40 million inhabitants
• About 18 million people in the the City of Sao
  Paulo
• Vast contamination of water resources
• Caused by untreated release of the region's
• industrial sewage
• domestic sewage
• solid waste
• other contaminants.

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Social

• Unequal distribution of wealth especially
  prevalent in Southeast Brazil.
• Percents of population in extreme poverty
• Metropolitan Areas 9.6
• Other Urban Areas 18.4
• Rural Areas 48.4
• Unemployment rate in Sao Paulo 18.5 in 2004
• Socioeconomic inequality does lead to some
  residential, educational, and workplace
  discrimination.
• Despite social class boundaries, most Southeast
  Brazilians are friendly with individuals both
  above and below their social standing.
• Prevalent Informal Economy many unofficially
  self-employed businessmen and workers
• Higher education readily attainable for
  individuals of moderate to high wealth

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Socioeconomic Impact of SABESP

• SABESPs Socioeconomic Effects on Sao Paulo
• SabeSP provides numerous entry-level job
  opportunities, helping to decrease unemployment,
  and in turn, lower the number of individuals
  living in extreme poverty.
• By helping to provide cleaner drinking water,
  SABESP increases standards of living for
  individuals of all social classes, increasing
  overall health and wellness.
• Sao Paulos Socioeconomic Effects on SABESP
• The high number of both university educated
  individuals and working class persons, as well
  as the relatively high unemployment rate of Sao
  Paulo, ensure that SABESP will never be
  understaffed.

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Economic

• São Paulo is the financial and industrial center
  of Brazil
• Due to the large amount of industrialization,
  there has emerged a great deal of water pollution
  in the area.

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Brazils Utilities

• Natural Gas
• Consumption has increased 15 of the past five
  years and is now at 48 million cubic meters a day
• This coincides with a growth of natural gas run
  cars going from only 150 thousand cars to over a
  million in the same five years

• Coal
• Largest coal reserves in Central and South
  America, estimated in 1999 at 13.2 billion tons.
• Coal consumption in 2000 totaled 17.05 million
  tons 62 imported for the steel industry, 33
  for thermoelectric power plants.

• Electricity
• Power generation and transmission are dominated
  by the federal holding company, Eletrobrás
• Power distribution is controlled by other
  companies owned by state and municipal
  authorities and few privately owned utilities.

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Political

• The government in Sao Paulo has moderate control
  of water treatment
• It has also initiated numerous projects to
  reduce/reverse the growing water pollution
  problem in the area.

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Tietê Project Created by the Government of the
State of São Paulo in 1992.

• First Stage (1992-1998) Goals
• expand the sewage collection service to a further
  250,000 families, increasing the percentage of
  the urban population serviced by Sabesp from 63,
  in 1992, to 83, in 1999,
• expand the sewage treatment capacity in Greater
  São Paulo, lifting the treatment rate from 20 to
  60,
• put an end to the pollution generated by the
  sewage of the São Paulo Metropolitan Area.
• Second Stage (2000-2004) Goals
• To increase current levels of sewage treatment
• To extend sewage collection service to an
  additional 400,000 families, increasing coverage
  to 90 of the population in the São Paulo
  Metropolitant area.
• To control the emission of effluents in more than
  290 industries.

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INDUSTRY
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SABESP

• SABESP provides public water and sewage services
  in the state of Sao Paulo, southeast of Brazil,
  the richest part of the country.
• It is the largest water utility in the Americas
  and the third largest in the world. The major
  shareholder is the State of Sao Paulo, thus the
  company is a monopoly and it faces little to no
  competition.

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Sanitation Services

• Phases of sanitiation
• Abstraction
• Treatment
• Processing
• Distribution
• Collection, treatment, and reuse of sewage

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SABESPs Challenges

• SABESP depends on rainfall to supply water. They
  must use a water rationing program to prepare for
  the winter (dry season).
• After the summer of 2003 there was not enough
  rain to fulfill the water reservoirs. The
  important Cantareira resevoir was only at 18.1
  of total capacity, whereas the minimum required
  level is around 30.

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Water Treatment at SABESP

• VRP - Válvulas Redutoras de Pressão control of
  consumption and the reduction of pressure in
  plumbings,
• diminishing the number of emptyings
• increases the life of the tubings.
• contributing to the preservation of the
  environment.
• Aqualog the first "intelligent" water station of
  Brazil, supervises all the phases of water
  production and treatment.
• Initiates, monitorial and controls, valves,
  chemical products, and reservoir levels.

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Power Generation
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The Electric Motor

• The electric motor is a relatively simple
  machine that operates on the principle of
  electromagnetism.

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• An Electric Motors
• 6 Basic Parts

• Armature
• Commutator
• Brushes
• Axle
• Field Magnet
• And a source of power

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Armature

• The armature is a rod placed in the middle of the
  electric motor
• It is the electro magnet within the motor
• The armature is a rod with thin wire wrapped
  around to create an electromagnet

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Diagram of Armature
Conductive wire
Axle
Brushes
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• In order for an electric motor to work it needs
  to run a current through the electromagnet
  creating a magnetic field
• The electro magnet rotates due to magnetic
  attraction and repulsion when charged
• The electro magnet and armature are free to spin
  within the electric motor which is what drives
  whatever device is attached

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• As soon as the armature is horizontal with its
  poles attracted to the opposite pole of the field
  magnet the current through the electro magnet is
  reversed
• This is achieved by the brushes which make
  contact with the conductive wire as it spins
• When the current is reversed so is the magnetic
  field created by the electro magnet
• This alternating magnetic field causes the
  armature to continually spin

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The Turbine

A turbine is a rotary engine that extracts energy
from a fluid flow
Gas turbine
Steam turbine used for ship propulsion
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How do turbineswork?

• The simplest turbines have one moving part, a
  rotor assembly, which is a shaft with blades
  attached. Moving fluid acts on the blades, or the
  blades react to the flow, so that they rotate and
  impart energy to the rotor.

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• Gas, steam, and water turbines usually have a
  casing around the blades that focuses and
  controls the fluid. The casing and blades have a
  variable geometry that allows efficient operation
  for a range of fluid-flow conditions.
• A turbine operating in reverse is called a
  compressor or turbopump. It converts mechanical
  energy to fluid energy (flow).

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Uses of Turbines

• Almost all electrical power on Earth is produced
  with a turbine of some type. The exceptions being
  solar panels, fuel cells, and diesel generators.
  Very high thermal efficiencies are achievable in
  gas turbine power generation facilities.
• Most jet engines rely on turbines to supply
  mechanical work from their working fluid and fuel
  as do all nuclear warships and power plants.
• Turbines are often part of a larger machine
  Example-a gas turbine, may refer to an internal
  combustion machine that contains a turbine,
  ducts, compressor, combustor, heat-exchanger, fan
  and an alternator.

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• Turbines can have incredible power density. This
  is because of their ability to operate at very
  high speeds. The Space Shuttle's main engines use
  turbopumps (machines consisting of a pump driven
  by a turbine engine) to feed the propellants into
  the engine's combustion chamber.

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Types of Turbines

• Steam Turbine
• Gas Turbine
• Water Turbine
• Wind Turbine

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Steam Turbine
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Gas Turbine
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Water Turbine
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Wind Turbine