Migration and Industrialization

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Migration and Industrialization

• Chapter 13

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Post Reconstruction Presidents

• Rutherford B. Hayes
• James Garfield assassinated
• Chester A. Arthur stalwart
• Grover Cleveland
• Benjamin Harrison assassinated
• Grover Cleveland
• William McKinley

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Rutherford B. Hayes

• Hayes tried to restore honesty to the White House
  after the corruption of Grants administration
• His wife, Lemonade Lucy, refused to have liquor
  in the White House
• Vetoed the Chinese Exclusion Act

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James Garfield

• Was swarmed by followers wanting government jobs
  patronage
• Assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau
• His Vice President seceded him

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James Garfield

• Was swarmed by followers wanting government jobs
  patronage
• Assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau
• His Vice President seceded him

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Chester Arthur

• Arthur tried to reform to the government by
  proposing
• Civil Service tests for jobs
• A modern navy
• Questioned high tariffs
• Was not re-nominated by Republicans

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Grover Cleveland

• Honest and frugal
• First Democrat since 1856
• Vetoed many fraudulent Civil War pensions
  angering vets
• Signed the Interstate Commerce Act and the
  Dawes Act

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Benjamin Harrison

• Grandson of W. H. Harrison
• Inherited a budget surplus but approved the first
  1 billion budget, raising import tariffs and
  payments to Civil War vets

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Grover Cleveland

• Only 2 non-consecutive term pres
• Inherited Panic of 1893
• He believed that the government should not
  interfere with economy so he did nothing
• His second term was misery for him and the
  country

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Indians in the West

• As Americans moved westward, they came into
  conflict with the Indians
• The Plains Indians hunted buffalo from horseback
• Americans wanted them out of the way

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One way to get rid of the Indian Problem was to
kill their food supply
Indians also killed more than they needed to
trade for white goods
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Gold

• Gold was discovered at Sutters Mill (near San
  Francisco) in 1848
• The 49ers came from the east, Asia, Europe and S.
  America by the thousands seeking their fortunes

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Gold

• Boom towns opened around mines bringing saloons,
  dancing girls, prostitutes and western law and
  order
• When the mines closed, the town folded

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Indian Massacres

• Indians were slaughtered throughout the Plains
• They signed the Treaty of Fort Laramie which made
  them live on specified land
• Sitting Bull refused to sign it

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Custers Last Stand

• One of the few Indian victories took place at
  Little Big Horn, MT
• Gen. Armstrong Custer led his men in an
  attack.
• Led by Crazy Horse, Gall and Sitting
  Bull, the Sioux killed Custer and his
  men

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Dawes Act

• In 1887 the government took reservation land and
  gave 160 acres to each head of household and 80
  to single men
• By 1932 about 2/3s of the land was in the hands
  of whites and Indians were left with the least
  desirable land

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Wounded Knee

• The army gathered about 300 cold and starving
  Indians, demanded their weapons and killed them
  all
• This was the last big defeat for
  the Indians

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Texas

• Longhorn cattle could be raised with little
  overhead on land that was almost free
• Ranching was big business, driving cattle to the
  rail stations and sending them to slaughterhouses

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Wild West

• Some westerners brought their act to eastern
  theaters
• Wild Bill Hickok, Calamity Jane, Annie Oakley and
  Sitting Bull performed for audiences

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Settling the Plains

• Settlers on the plains faced new hardships.
• Few trees meant sod houses and cow chips for fuel
• The hard land could be tilled with the new steel
  plows by Deere

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Settling the Plains

• Life on the plains was hard for men, women and
  children
• Homes were miles apart, schools not available
• Living there was only possible because of some of
  the many new inventions

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Inventions

• Cyrus McCormick reaper
• Seed drill
• Barbed wire
• Corn binder
• The Morrill Land Grant set land aside for
  agricultural colleges
• Researchers found drought hardy wheat varieties

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Western Farmers

• Farmers and ranchers depended upon the railroad
• Some lines gave better prices or rebates to large
  customers, hurting small farmers
• Inequities leads to the rise of the Populist
  Party

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Populists

• Their platform included
• Direct election of senators
• Enacting state laws by voters
• Unlimited coinage of silver to increase the money
  supply
• Graduated income tax
• Public ownership of railroads
• Government controlled telephone and telegraph

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Wizard of OZ

• Frank Baum wrote the story which has many
  parallels to real life.
• Dorothy is the common man
• Scarecrow is the farmer
• Tin Man is industry
• Cowardly Lion Bryan
• Wizard any recent president

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Wizard of OZ

• Even OZ is the common measurement for gold
• In the original story, Dorothy has silver
  slippers and travels on the road of gold
• Her home in Kansas is grey and dry farmers in
  Kansas

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Panic of 1893

• In 1893 some railroads went bankrupt, the stock
  market crashed, and the price of gold and silver
  plummeted
• With less money in the economy, crop prices fell

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Panic of 1893

• The Populists pushed for the minting of silver
  coins to add to the money supply.
• It would cause prices to rise, helping farmers
  selling crops
• They could pay off their debts with inflated
  dollars, helping the farmers

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Election of 1896

• Bimetalism was the
  main topic
• Dems nominated William
  Jennings Bryan
• Rep. Nominated William McKinley
• Voters were either gold or silver bugs

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Election of 1896

• Industrial bosses told their employees that they
  would close their doors if Bryan won
• McKinley won the election

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A New Industrial Age

• Chapter 14

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Theres Oil in Them Hills

• Edwin Blake discovered oil in PA
• At the same time, coal was being mined
• The Bessemer process allowed steel to be
  processed from iron

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Inventions

• Electricity was harnessed for household use
• Thomas Edison light bulb
• Alexander Graham Bell - telephone
• Streetcars

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Growth of Cities

• Cities changed as wealthy people moved to the
  suburbs leaving the poor in the inner cities
• Large homes were divided into smaller apartments
  and highrises held hundreds of families
• Inner cities were polluted, crime-ridden and
  sewage filled

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Railroads

• Railroad lines were initially built independently
  with different gauges and no common depots
• By 1900, there was 193,000 miles of track

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Railroads

• Railroads had the greatest impact on the American
  economy, promoting the growth of coal and steel,
  encouraged mass production and consumption,
  economic specialization and time zones
• Railroads also led to the development of complex
  structures of finance, business management, and
  the regulation of competition.

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Railroads

• The railroad promoted settlement on the Great
  Plains, connecting the West to the East, creating
  one great national market.
• The federal government provided railroad
  companies with large land grants to build rail
  lines
• 80 companies received over 170 million acres
  (Credit Mobilier)

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Railroads

• The Transcontinental Railroad met at Promotory
  Point, Utah where a golden spike was driven to
  joint east to west

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Railroads

• Additional lines were built

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Railroads

• Railroads
• Encouraged development of time zones
• Aided cattle ranchers
• Fueled the growth of towns
• Brought ore, coal, crops east
• Controlled prices
• Mismanaged and overbuild some lines

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BTW Buffalo Population Today
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Steel

• In the 1850s Henry Bessimer and William Kelly
  found a way to process iron to make steel
• It is stronger and lighter
• It was used to lay railroad track, in farm
  machinery, to build skyscrapers and bridges, and
  to manufacture barbed wire

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Andrew Carnegie

• A poor, Scottish immigrant, Carnegie worked his
  way from a mill worker to one of the richest men
  in the world
• He began manufacturing steel in Pittsburg
• His efficiency was based on vertical integration

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Andrew Carnegie

• His rags-to-riches story was repeated so often,
  people believed that anyone could become the next
  Carnegie
• Author, Horatio Alger, wrote books with the
  rags-to-riches theme
• In reality, just as now, this rarely happens

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Social Darwinism

• Just as Darwin stated in his book, The Origin of
  the Species, many people believed that natural
  selection was part of human success
• In natural selection, the weak is weeded out
  allowing the strong to survive.
• In business, companies and labor were treated as
  strong or weak

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Social Darwinism

• This idea was also used to justify the
  laissez-faire approach to business
• Since anyone could be a success through hard
  work, it made sense that the poor just didnt
  work hard enough and were not fit