European Societies Lecture 1 The making of Europe

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European Societies Lecture 1The making of Europe

• Professor Claire Wallace
• School of Social Sciences

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4 Major Phases

• Agrarian societies
• Industrial societies
• Service society
• Information/Knowledge society

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History shaping European modernity

• 3 major forces
• Enlightenment (intellectual)
• Industrialisation (economic)
• Social structures (class, religion, gender
  organisation)

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Forces 1 The Enlightenment

• Rational understanding of the world (science,
  nature, society) (Weber, Comte, Adam Smith etc.)
• Discourses of liberation/emancipation and freedom
  (French and American revolutions)
• Idea of progress
• Social as well as physical engineering (welfare
  state, poor laws)

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Forces 2 Industrialisation

• Creation of industrial centres
• Movement from the land
• Transformation of agriculture
• Rationalisation of tasks
• Separation of home and work
• Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft
• Organic and mechanical solidarity

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Social structures

• Religion Protestant vs. Catholic vs Judaism
• Family/gender organisation neolocal nuclear
  family, late marriage, celibacy, inheritance
  (Hajnal line)
• Social class peasants to farmers, industrial
  working class, middle class, aristocracy and
  landowners (politics)

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Institutions of Europe

• Greek democracy
• Judeo-Christian religion
• Roman law
• LATER
• Nation state
• Empires/New World
• Supra national state

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Major Epochal Events

• French revolution and Napoleonic wars (1789 ff)
• Rise of nation states (19th C)
• Rise of ideologies (Fascism, Communism)
• First World War/Second World War
• Russian Revolution
• Cold War
• Velvet Revolutions after 1989

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French revolution and Rise of Nation States

• Created new idea of liberty, fraternity etc.
• Opened way for new (secular) conception of the
  state
• Romantic movement and rise of nationalism (nation
  state based on culture/language)

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Rise of nation states

• Breakup of empire
• Different models of nation state
• Role of romantic nationalism

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Clash of ideologies

• Rise of Socialism
• Rise of Fascism
• Rise of Communism
• Russian revolution and Cold War

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First and Second World Wars

• Reordering of European borders (nation states not
  empires)
• Clash of ideologies
• Ethnic cleansing and re-ordering of populations
  (holocaust, Germans, Poles, Ukrainians, Italians)
• Idea of social planning and reaction against
  economic crisis

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Velvet revolutions

• 1980s Perestroika (reorganisation), Glasnost
  (openness)
• 1989 opening of Hungarian/Austrian border and
  flow of East Germans to the West
• Collapse of communism
• 1991 Collapse of Soviet Union

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Peopling of Europe

• Migration from county to towns (19th-20thC)
• Migration to New World (late 19th and early 20th
  C)
• Reordering of populations following conflicts
  (ethnic cleansing)
• Migration from colonies/developing world
• Economic migrants and asylum seekers
• Multi-cultural Europe

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Boundaries of Europe

• Charlemagne
• Belt of city states
• East and West
• North and South
• From the Atlantic to the Urals?

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New dimensions of Europe

• Europe and the EU
• The Euro
• New dimensions of policy making
• What holds Europe together? Identity, history,
  institutions, values, welfare state
• Future of Europe?

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