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Title: Metadata


1
Ontologies
Knowledge Organization
Indexing
Information Architecture
Metadata
Information Organization
Categories
Bibliographic Control
Taxonomies
Classification
Dr. Sherry Vellucci Information Organization
Documentation
Concept Maps
Knowledge Representation
Cataloging
?
Abstracting
U B C
2
  • In the colossal labor, which exhausts both body
    and soul, of making into an alphabetical catalog
    a multitude of books gathered from every corner
    of the earth there are many intricate and
    difficult problems that torture the mind.
  • Thomas Hyde. Catalogue for the Bodleian Library,
    1674.

3
Why Organize Information?
4
What is Information Organization?
  • The process of creating, arranging, and
    maintaining systems for bibliographic information
    retrieval
  • Organization of the materials and information
    that we collect or provide access to in
    libraries, museums, archives, and information
    centers
  • Information Organization differs depending on
    environment

5
Functions of Information Organization
  • Primary
  • Provide access to recorded information for the
    purpose of retrieval
  • Bring together related documents
  • Distinguish between similar documents
  • Secondary
  • Keep inventory of what we have and where it is
    located
  • Keep recorded information usable for posterity

6
Subsets of Information Organization
  • Cataloging metadata
  • Classification
  • Indexing and abstracting
  • Database design
  • Information architecture
  • Content management
  • Knowledge management

7
Trends in Catalog Creation
  • Ancient times - Simple lists
  • Middle Ages - Inventories
  • Sixteenth Seventeenth Century - Finding lists
  • Eighteenth Century - Codification begins
  • Nineteenth Century - Collocating Devices
  • Twentieth Century - Expanded codification
    mechanization
  • Twenty-first Century - ?

8
What Is a Catalog?
  • A retrieval tool that provides access to
    individual items within collections of
    information packages Taylor, 1999
  • An organized set of bibliographic records that
    represent the holdings of a particular
    collection. -- Wynar

9
Bibliographic (Metadata) Records
  • Surrogates for information packages in the
    collection
  • Include standardized descriptions
  • Form a catalog when arranged or accessed
    systematically
  • (Also called bibliographic records, catalog
    records, entries)

10
Access Points
  • Any term in a metadata record that may be used to
    locate that record
  • A Controlled access point
  • An authorized (preferred) form of access point
  • Constructed with information in a certain order
  • Maintained under authority control

11
Types of Bibliographic Control
  • Control of a Body of Literature
  • Indexes ( Abstracts)
  • Bibliographies
  • Control of Collections
  • Catalogs
  • Finding Aids
  • Museum Registers
  • Control of Knowledge
  • Knowledge Management

12
Levels of Access
  • Macro level access
  • Broad in scope
  • entire book
  • complete serial
  • complete archival collection
  • Macro level tools
  • Catalogs
  • Micro level access
  • Narrower in scope of description
  • Chapter in book
  • Article in serial
  • Individual items in archive or museum
  • Micro level tools
  • Indexes
  • Abstracting services
  • Databases

13
Cutters Objects of the Catalog
  • 1) To enable a person to find a book when one of
    the following is known
  • The author
  • The title
  • The subject
  • 2) To show what the library has
  • By a given author
  • On a given subject
  • in a given kind of literature

14
  • 3) To assist in the choice of a book
  • As to the edition (bibliographically)
  • As to its character (literary or topical)
  • From Rules for a Dictionary Catalog, 1876, 4th
    ed., 1904
  • 1. Find
  • 2. Collocate
  • 3. Evaluate

15
FRBR User Tasks
  • Find (locate)
  • Relate/Navigate (Collocate Svenonius)
  • Identify
  • Select
  • Obtain
  • Other possible tasks
  • Attribute Royalties to
  • Preserve

16
Assumptions
  • Objective 1User can express the information need
    translate into language of the system
  • Objective 2 Users need requires looking at
    related sets of information (all documents by a
    given author, on a given subject, in a certain
    genre)
  • Objective 3 User finds multiple manifestations
    of work and need to evaluate the surrogate in
    order to select the appropriate document

17
Problems
  • How do we operationalize open-ended objectives?
  • Success of objective must be measurable
  • To be measurable, must be specific

18
Intellectual Issues
  • Representation concise depiction of complex
    information
  • Document surrogates
  • Describe attributes of the document
  • Classification -- a scheme for organizing
    information packages or concepts

19
Problem What are We Organizing?
  • Recorded information -- meaningful symbols
    (letters, numbers, etc.), sounds or images
    created or collected to convey a message
  • Why do we use the term recorded information
    instead of just information?
  • Document An information package
  • Often associated with text printed on paper
  • Broader context includes videos, sound
    recordings, graphics, computer files, etc.

20
Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records
  • What FRBR is
  • a logical framework
  • a conceptual model
  • a "generalized" view of the bibliographic
    universe
  • Available at http//www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr
    .htm
  • What FRBR is not
  • a data model
  • an implementation model
  • a conceptual model for authority records
  • A conceptual model for subjects

21
FRBR Functions
  • Specifically identify what is being described
  • Improve catalog displays
  • Provide common conceptual model language

22
Entity-Relationship Model
Attributes
Attributes
  • Title
  • Creator
  • Subject
  • Title
  • Creator
  • Subject

Entity 1
Entity 2
Relationship
  • Group 1 Entities Products of intellectual or
    artistic endeavour
  • Group 2 Entities Those responsible for the
    intellectual artistic content, physical
    production, or custodianship
  • Group 3 Entities Entities that serve as subjects
    of intellectual or artistic endeavour

23
Group 1 Entities Their Relationships
An Expression realizes A Work
A Work Is realized
through An Expression
An Expression Is embodied in A Manifestation
A Manifestation embodies An Expression
An Item exemplifies A Manifestation
A Manifestation Is exemplified by An Item
24
LS vs. IS Terminology Comparison
FRBR Terms
I. S. Terms
Work Expression Manifestation Item
Message Text Document Instantiation
25
Tolkien
W1
The Lord of the Rings
Work/Expression/ Manifestation/Item Relationships
E3 Spoken Word Performance
E1 English Text
E2 German Text
The Lord of the Rings
Der Herr der Ringe Translated by Margaret
Carroux
The Lord of the Rings Read by Ian Holms
M1 Sound Recording
M1 English
M2 English
M1 German
M3 English
The Lord of the Rings Read by Ian Holm BBC
Audiobooks 2003 13 compact discs
The Lord of the Rings London Harper
Collins 1998, 3 v.
Der Herr der Ringe Translated by Margaret
Carroux Stuttgart Ernst Klett 1968, 3 v.
The Lord of the Rings New York Facsimile
Reprints 1965
The Lord of the Rings London Allen
Unwin 1954-55, 3 v.
I1 VUW Library
Copy 1, signed by the author
26
Bibliographic Relationships
  • Equivalent
  • Derivative
  • Descriptive
  • Whole-part
  • Sequential
  • Accompanying
  • Shared characteristics
  • Barbara Tillett
  • Richard Smiraglia
  • Sherry Vellucci
  • Allyson Carlyle

27
Barbara B. Tillett, Bibliographic
Relationships. In Relationships in the
Organization of Knowledge, edited by Carol A.
Bean and Rebecca Green, 19-35. Dordrecht Kluwer
Academic Publishers, 2001
Family of Works
Same Expression
New Work
New Expression
B. Tillett Dec. 2001
28
Equivalent Relationships
  • Multiple manifestations with identical content
  • W1 The Lord of the Rings
  • E1 English language text
  • M1 Allen Unwin, 1954-55.
  • M2 Facsimile Reprints, Inc., 1965.
  • M3 Harper Collins, 1998.
  • Tolkien, J.R.R. (John Ronald Reuel), 1892-1973.
    The Lord of the Rings
  • BooksEnglish
  • London Allen Unwin, 1954-55.
  • New York Facsimile Reprints, Inc., 1965.
  • London Harper Collins, 1998.

29
Derivative RelationshipsSame work
  • Editions
  • Translations
  • Performances
  • Tolkien, J.R.R. (John Ronald Reuel), 1892-1973.
    The Lord of the Rings
  • E1 BooksGerman
  • M1 Trans. by Margaret Carroux. Stuttgart
    Ernst Klett, 1968.
  • E2 Spoken word recordingEnglish
  • M1 London BBC Audio Books, 2003.

30
Derivative Relationships New works
  • Parodies
  • Adaptations
  • Beard, Henry N. Bored of the Rings a Parody of
    J.R.R. Tolkiens the Lord of the Rings. New York
    New American Library, 1969
  • Strachey, Barbara. Journeys with Frodo an Atlas
    of J.R.R. Tolkiens The Lord of the Rings.
    London Grafton, 1992.
  • The Lord of the Rings. Screenplay by Fran Walsh,
    Phillipa Boyens and Peter Jackson based on the
    books by J.R.R. Tolkien produced by Barrie M.
    Osborne, Peter Jackson, Fran Walsh, Tim Sanders
    Directed by Peter Jackson. London? New Line
    Cnema, 2002.
  • Knizia, Reiner. The Lord of the Rings Board Game.
    Illustrations by John Howe. Cambridge
    Sophisticated Games, 2001.

31
Whole-Part Relationships
  • Components
  • Aggregates
  • The Lord of the Rings aggregate work work of
    works
  • The Fellowship of the Ring component part
    work
  • The Two Towers component part work
  • The Return of the King component part work
  • The Lord of the Rings Game
  • contains 2 books, 2 map sheets, 9 character
    sheets, rules, contents sheets, 4 red dice,
    cardboard counters, map errata

32
Sequential Relationships
  • Part to part (or chronological) Relationship
  • Part 1 The Fellowship of the Ring
  • Part 2 The Two Towers
  • Part 3 The Return of the King
  • The Lord of the Rings Official Fan Club Magazine
  • Vol. 1, no. 1 vol. 1, no. 2

33
Accompanying Relationships
  • Manifestation is accompanied by additional
    material
  • Shore, Howard. The Lord of the Rings the Motion
    Picture Trilogy Instrumental Solos. Music
    arranged for trombone by Tod Edmonsen. Miami
    Warner Bros, 2004. 1 part (25 p.) 1 sound disc
    (4 ¾ in.)
  • The Lord of the Rings. Extended edition includes
    4 DVDs 1 Part One 2 Part Two 3 Appendices
    Part One From Book to Vision 4 Appendices Part
    Two From Vision to Reality. 1 booklet with
    explanation of the extended edition documentary
    appendices on the making of the movie complete
    listing of scenes, with new scenes and extended
    scenes identified and diagrams detailing how the
    book was transformed into visual form.

34
Descriptive RelationshipsNew works
  • Commentaries
  • Evaluations
  • Criticisms
  • Reviews
  • Simpson, Dale. Modernized Myth Beowulf, J.R.R.
    Tolkien and the Lord of the Rings.
  • Miesel, Sandra. Myth, Symbol and Religion in the
    Lord of the Rings.
  • Smith, Jim E. The Lord of the Rings The Films,
    the Books, the Radio Series.
  • Fisher, Jude. The Lord of the Rings Location
    Guidebook.
  • Astin, Sean. There and Back Again
    Behind-the-Scenes on the Lord of the Rings.

35
FRBR Group 2 Entities
  • The Group 2 entities represent those responsible
    for the intellectual or artistic content, the
    physical production and dissemination, or the
    custodianship of the entities in the first group
    (FRBR, p.13)
  • Group 2 entities include
  • Persons
  • Corporate bodies

36
Group 1 Entities
Relationships of FRBR Group 1 Entities to FRBR
Group 2 Entities (FRBR p. 14)
Group 2 Entities
37
Group 1 Group 2 Relationships
  • w1 The Lord of the Rings
  • created by
  • p1 J.R.R. Tolkien
  • e1 The Lord of the Rings spoken word recording
  • performed by
  • p2 Ian Holm
  • m1 The Lord of the Rings. motion picture, 2002
  • distributed by
  • cb1 New Line Cinema Home Entertainment
  • i1 The Lord of the Rings published English text
    1965
  • owned by
  • cb1 Victoria University Library

38
FRBR Group 3 Entities
  • The Group 3 entities serve as the subjects of
    works
  • The group includes
  • concept (an abstract notion or idea)
  • object (a material thing)
  • event (an action or occurrence)
  • place (a location)
  • In addition, all entities in Groups 1 and 2 can
    serve as subjects for a work

39
FRBR Relationships of a Work to entities that can
serve as the subject of a work (FRBR, p. 15)
40
Group 1 Group 3 Relationships
  • c1 Mythology
  • w1 J.R.R. Tolkien The Lord of the Rings
  • is the subject of
  • w2 The Lord of the Rings An Examination of
    Mythical Elements by M.C. Stone

FRBR, p. 63
41
Information Representation
  • Organized by a special purpose language
    (ontologies taxonomies)
  • Many such languages exist
  • Linnaeus Taxonomy of living things
  • Educational resources thesaurus
  • Bibliographic language
  • Subject language
  • Document language

42
Information Organization in Libraries
  • Traditional processes
  • Organize items on shelf by classification
  • Create maintain catalog that provides access to
    information resources (surrogate records)
  • Create indexes databases
  • Create bibliographies
  • New processes
  • Create library portals
  • Provide access to variety of resources through
    unified interface
  • Catalog, databases, resource links, archives,
    digital libraries, etc.
  • Customize for personal information (my library)
  • Create and organize digital libraries

43
Information Organization in Archives
  • Organize arrange in groups by provenance
    (originator) and original order (closed stacks)
  • Create accession record (information about
    collection source and physical content) finding
    aid (contents of collection)

44
Information Organization in Museums
  • Organize describe objects in collection
  • Create accession/field records (info. _at_ source of
    object) and register (similar to catalog)
  • Description of visual objects is more complex
    than text
  • May also have libraries (include textual
    material) and archives in museums

45
Information Organization on the Internet
  • Libraries
  • Web bibliographies (Subject, Classification)
  • Metadata (MARC, Dublin Core)
  • Non-Libraries
  • Search engines
  • Subject directories
  • Automatic indexing classification
  • Visual Organization
  • Concept maps
  • Ontologies
  • Taxonomies

46
Information Organization for Digital Libraries
  • Provides digitized resources with architecture
    and retrieval service
  • Design of retrieval description system part of
    creating the digital library
  • Increasing demand with distance education

47
Information Organization with Library Portals
  • Provide access to variety of resources through
    unified interface
  • Catalog, databases, resource links
  • Customizable for personal information

48
Information Architecture
  • Process of designing, implementing and
    evaluating information spaces that are humanly
    and socially acceptable to the intended
    stakeholders (Andrew Dillon)
  • Determine information needs of users
  • Create structural patterns for finding
    information
  • Develop user interface for information retrieval
    and display
  • Evaluate success of architecture for retrieval
    and display

49
Records Management
  • Originally involved keeping, filing, maintaining
    paper records
  • Computer files on individual PCs created
    organizational problems
  • Various systems used across organization
    (payroll, general ledger, accounts payable,
    inventories)
  • Data modeling used to create conceptual model of
    records management activities (directories,
    files, programs, database field values)

50
Knowledge Management
  • Who knows what in an organization and capturing
    that knowledge using technology
  • Expanded into managing the information explosion
    in organizations
  • Tacit knowledge vs. explicit knowledge
  • Software used to create knowledge repositories,
    improve knowledge access, enhance the knowledge
    environment, manage knowledge as an asset

51
Metadata
  • Data about data
  • Structured data that describes the attributes of
    a resource, characterizes it relationships,
    supports its discovery, management, and effective
    use, and exists in an electronic environment

52
The Structure of Information
  • Unstructured Data
  • Structured Data
  • Data has Context Description

Q7 Timetable Manhattan to Queens. Weekends only. Q7 Timetable Manhattan to Queens. Weekends only. Q7 Timetable Manhattan to Queens. Weekends only.
Departs Times Square Departs Queens Plaza Arrives Jamaica Station
658 715 713 730 732 749
Queens Plaza
658
Jamaica Station
732
Q7
Times Sq.
713
53
Model of an Information Retrieval System
Lancaster
Major function of an IR System is to act as an
interface between a particular population of
users and the universe of information resources
in printed or other form.
  • Activities of IR Systems
  • Acquire store documents (or surrogates)
  • Organize control documents (or surrogates)
  • Distribute documents (or surrogates)

54
Subject Analysis Is . . .
  • The part of indexing or cataloging that deals
    with, first, the conceptual analysis of an
    information package
  • and with translating the conceptual analysis
    into the conceptual framework of the
    classification or subject heading system (Taylor,
    p. 132)

55
Step 1 Conceptual Analysis
  • determining what the information package is
    about
  • and/or determining what an item is
  • An indexer experienced with a controlled
    vocabulary may think of aboutness in the terms
    available

56
Problems in Determining Subject
  • Deciding aboutness is subjective
  • Predominance?
  • Frequency?
  • Deciding aboutness may depend on culture,
    background and knowledge of cataloger
  • Behaviorially private
  • Socially common ideas
  • Gramatically different terms concepts
  • Deciding interpretive, thematic, or iconographic
    significance for non-textual material requires
    specialist

57
Determining Form
  • Form data are terms and phrases that designate
    specific kinds of genres or materials (Taylor, p.
    255)
  • Types of form
  • Physical character
  • Videocassettes, photographs, maps
  • Type of data contained
  • Text, visual, audio, numeric
  • Arrangement of information contained
  • Excyclopedias, dictionaries, indexes, diaries,
    outlines
  • Style, technique, purpose or intended audience
  • Drama, romance, cartoons, algebra text

58
Exhaustivity
  • The number of terms that will be assigned by the
    cataloger/indexer
  • Determined by local policy desired level of
    bibliographic control

59
Dimensions of Exhaustivity
  • Summarization Level
  • Describes the overall subject content of the work
    as a whole, i.e., the dominant subject
  • Cataloging is at summarization level
  • Assign fewer more general terms
  • Depth Level
  • Describes all main concepts of subject, including
    smaller units of information, i.e., chapters,
    articles, etc.
  • Indexing is at depth level
  • Assign more specific terms

Information Retrieval
Document Retrieval
60
Specificity
  • The level of subject analysis provided for by a
    particular controlled vocabulary
  • The closeness of fit between the meaning of an
    index term and the documents themes and/or
    subthemes
  • The Care Feeding of Siamese Cats
  • Low specificity Felines
  • High specificity Siamese cats

61
Classification
  • Oldest form of information organization
    (Aristotle)
  • Based on thought process
  • Mental models
  • classify
  • associate
  • bring like things together
  • Differentiate among things
  • Primary types hierarchical, faceted
  • Often associated with coding of some type
  • Symbols (numbers, letters, punctuation)

62
Theories of Categories
  • Classical theory of categories based on
    commonalities
  • 20th Century theories
  • Family resemblance (Wittgenstein Austin)
  • Fuzzy Set Theory (Zadeh)
  • Distinct categories/cultural and linguistic
    differences (Lounsbury Berlin Kay)
  • Basic-level Categories (Brown)
  • Universal level of human naming (Berlin)
  • Prototype Theory (Rosch)
  • Musical instruments

63
Bibliographic Classifications Differ from
Taxonomic Groupings
  • Documents are complex
  • Have combinations of topics, not just mutually
    exclusive, generic relationships
  • Documents classified based on literary warrant
  • Document arrangement can only be
    one-dimensional-linear order, i.e., show one kind
    of relationship
  • Need catalogue to supplement shelf-order

64
For Whom are We Organizing Information?
  • Users--people who have an information need
  • Users vary
  • Experts
  • librarians, information professionals,
    researchers
  • people who know a domain and have some idea of
    vocabulary and the kind of information thats
    likely to be available
  • Novices
  • people who never learned to use retrieval tools
  • people who only have a vague idea of what theyre
    looking for, e.g., a student assigned a research
    topic or a person who just found out that their
    relative has an obscure disease

65
Problems with Information Organization
  • Catalogers focus on bibliographic and authority
    control and languages
  • Accurate description does not always lead to
    successful query results
  • Does not link cataloging process with knowledge
    base of information retrieval

66
Understanding Users Perspectives
  • Move from system-centered to user-centered views
    of information systems
  • Designed for the user based on user input
    bottom up rather than top down
  • Needs research into user needs, user modelling,
    and catalog information-seeking behavior

67
Broadened Perspective
  • Metadata has brought information organization
    onto center stage
  • Provides information that goes beyond description
    (administrative, structural, etc)
  • Focuses primarily on digital information
  • Adopts/integrates use of search engines
  • Objectives can be operationalized, connected and
    measured
  • Representation
  • Visualization
  • Searching
  • Interface usability

68
  • Metadata has become important to businesses
  • Part of knowledge management
  • Often used in proprietary systems
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