ORIGIN OF THE PISTONCOMBUSTION ENGINE

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ORIGIN OF THE PISTON-COMBUSTION ENGINE

• OR HOW IT ALL BEGAN

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• Abbe Hautfeuille, Frenchman. Usually credited
  with origin of piston-combustion engine. Proposed
  using explosive power of gunpowder in cylinder in
  1678.
• Huyghen and Papin, Frenchmen. Built the above
  engine in 1680.
• Robert Street, Englishman. Built earliest gas
  engine on record using turpentine vapor and air
  as fuel, in 1794.
• Lenoir, Frenchman. Developed a non-compression
  gas engine (Lenoir cycle) in 1860 and lasted till
  about 1909

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• Proposals to compress mixture prior to combustion
  have been given since 1799.
• Beau de Rochas, Frenchman. In 1862, set forth in
  a paper, the fundamental principles underlying
  the economical operation of the piston-combustion
  engine, namely,
• 1. Largest possible cylinder volume with minimum
  boundary surface, that is, smallest
  surface-to-volume ratio.
• 2. Greatest possible working speed.
• 3. Greatest possible expansion ratio.
• 4. Greatest possible pressure at beginning of
  expansion.

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• He also indicated the desired method of operation
  of the engine
• 1.  Induction during the outward stroke of
  piston.
• 2. Compression during the inward stroke of
  piston.
• 3. Ignition of charge at inward dead center
  followed by combustion and expansion during
  next outward stroke of piston.
• 4. Exhaust of burned products during next inward
  stroke of piston.

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• He did not actually build an engine but invented
  the four-cycle principle. He also proposed the
  use of the poppet valve.
• Nicholas Agustus Otto, German. In 1876 built the
  first engine following the four-stroke principle
  which followed the Otto cycle.
• Priestman, Englishman. In 1885, built the first
  oil engine.
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• Dugald Clerk, Englishman. In 1881 invented the
  two-cycle engine using an air pump to transfer
  charge to cylinder.

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• Gottileb Diamler, German. In 1886 was the first
  to use a light liquid or petrol type fuel.
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• Rudolph Diesel, German. In 1893 constructed the
  first compression ignition engine. It followed
  the Diesel cycle. In 1895 he used powdered coal
  to run the engine and later also used a liquid
  fuel.
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• Other famous names are Carl Benz, German, Herbert
  Ackroyd-Stuart and Butler, Englishmen. This list
  is hardly complete..

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HEAT ENGINE AND COMBUSTION ENGINE PROCESS

• ALSO REFERED TO AS EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL
  COMBUSTION ENGINES RESPECTIVELY

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• PRINCIPAL SOURCES OF ENERGY TO OBTAIN WORK ARE
  COAL, OIL AND GAS
• THESE REACT WITH OXYGEN IN AIR TO LIBERATE ENERGY.

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• IN THE HEAT ENGINE PROCESS, HEAT IS TRANSFERRED
  FROM PRODUCTS OF CHEMICAL REACTION TO A
  THERMODYNAMIC MEDIUM, NAMELY A FLUID WHICH CAN
  VAPORIZE (LIKE WATER) OR MOLTEN METAL LIKE
  MERCURY, WHICH WILL EXERT A FORCE ON A MOVING
  PISTON OR GLIDE OVER TURBINE BLADES TO PRODUCE
  WORK.

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• IN THE COMBUSTION-ENGINE PROCESS, THE PRODUCTS
  OF COMBUSTION ARE THEMSELVES THE THERMODYNAMIC
  MEDIUM WHICH WILL EXERT A FORCE ON A MOVING
  PISTON OR GLIDE OVER TURBINE BLADES TO PRODUCE
  WORK

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Some Definitionsof the Cylinder Geometry
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