NANO-ROBOTS

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NANOROBOTS FOR TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH
ARTERY OCCLUSION
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AIM

• This paper deals with the nanorobots control
  activation for coronary occlusion

Inside view of a occluded LAD coronary artery,
RBCs and Nanorobots
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ABSTRACT

• This paper is an innovative approach to advance
  the study of biomedical treatments using
  nanobots for coronary atherosclerosis.
• This work demonstrates how chemical and thermal
  parameters could be successfully applied to
  achieve a suitable control strategy for nanobots,
  to trigger their actuation upon target areas.

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INTRODUCTION

• In medicine, cardiovascular field is the most
  technically advanced discipline.
• Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of
  death, morbitidy and disability.
• Nanobots help us to develop novel diagnostic and
  therapeutic technologies that provide safe and
  efficient solution for our patients.

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NANOBOTS

• Nanotechnology is an extremely diverse and
  multidisciplinary field.
• Nanorobotics is the technology of creating
  machines or robots at or close to the microscopic
  scale of nanometers.
• Nanobots are Complex molecular machines.
• The diameter is 0.5-3 micron.
• The main element used is CARBON in the form of
  DIAMOND/FULLERENE nanocomposites.
• These are used for diagnosing, treating and
  preventing disease, relieving pain, preserving
  and improving human health.

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BIOMEDICAL FLOWS

• The bloodstream keeps the human body alive.
• WHITE BLOOD CELLS(WBC), RED BLOOD CELLS(RBC) and
  PLATELETS are found in the blood, suspended in
  the PLASMA.
• Size of RBC- 7.5 micrometer in diameter and 2m
  thick.
• Size of platelets- 2 to 4 micrometer in diameter.
• The pumping system comprises of a closed system
  of blood vessels.
• For human and mammals, this system is basically
  comprised of 2 pumps.

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• The heart delievers oxygen to large range of
  tissue, which returns carbon dioxide to lungs.
• The blood is pumped from the left ventricle
  through the artery and arterioles to capillaries.
• After that, the blood flows from venules into the
  veins back to right atrium completing the
  systematic circulation.
• In the right atrium, the blood is pumped through
  lungs.

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ARTERY OCCLUSION

• Also known as CORONARY HEART DISEASE(CHD).
• It is the most common form of heart disease.
• THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTH estimates that
  7 million Americans suffer from it.
• The coronary arteries surround the heart to
  supply blood full of oxygen.
• Just like other organs, the heart needs constant
  supply of oxygenated blood to feed itself.
• When the body goes into more strenous activity,
  heart has to work harder to supply the bodys
  demands for fresh, oxygen-rich blood.
• The constrictions in coronary arteries prevent it
  from receiving the desired amount and hence, CHD
  occurs.

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• Fig. heart with coronary artery disease

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MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY

• Some relevent parameters when monitoring
  patients-
• Different gradients on temperature
• Concentration of chemicals in bloodstream
• Electromagnetic signature
• Teams of nanobots must cooperate to perform
  predefined complex tasks on medical procedures.
• CMOS VLSI design using deep ultraviolet
  lithography is a high precision technique.
• This approach is a commercial way for
  manufacturing nanodevices and nanoelectronics.

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TEMPERATURE SENSOR

• INTEGRATED NANOTHERMOELECTRIC sensors can be
  implemented as CMOS devices.
• It has advantage of linear self-generated
  response with system integration without
  requiring bias or, temperature stabilization.
• One positive aspect for CMOS is that it requires
  less voltage level for its operation.
• Nanorobots using this sensor open new medical
  possibilities for clinical diagnosis.

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ENERGY SUPPLY

• Directly from bloodstream
• To create chemical reactions with blood to burn
  it for energy
• It can also use patients body heat to create
  power
• Batteries are viable power source as it supplies
  small amount of power related to their size and
  weight.
• So, a very small battery would only provide a
  fraction of power a nanorobot would need.
• A more likely candidate is a capacitor, which has
  a slightly better power-to-weight ratio.

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DATA TRANSMISSION

• For communication in liquid workspace, it is
  worth to quote acoustic, RF, light and chemical
  signals for communication and data transmission.
• CHEMICAL SIGNAL is quite useful for nearby
  communication.
• ACOUSTIC COMMUNICATION is useful for long
  distance communication.
• OPTICAL COMMUNICATION permits faster rates of
  data transmission.
• But its energy demand makes it not ideal for
  nanorobots.

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SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

• Consists of adopting multi scale-view of
  environment.
• The simulation includes NCD(NANOROBOT CONTROL
  DESIGN) simulator for the nanorobot sensing and
  actuation and CFD(COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS)
  software for the patient parameters.
• These simulations are used to achieve high
  fidelity control modelling of nanorobots.
• Also includes nanorobot orientation, drive
  mechanisms, sensing and control.

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NANOROBOT DESIGN

• Comprised of integrated nanoelectronics and
  components such as molecular sorting rotors and a
  robot arm(telescoping manipulator), derived from
  biological models.
• External surface consists of a diamondoid
  material to which may be attached an artificial
  glycocalyx surface.
• This glycocalyx surface ensures sufficient
  biocompatibility to avoid immune system attack.
• Different molecule types are distinguished by a
  series of chemotactic sensors.

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MODULAR INTEGRATION

• The NANOROBOT CONTROL DESIGN(NCD) is a
  multithread software.
• It is comprised of collision detection and
  physically based simulation.
• The NCD simulator is used for the
  3D-investigation of a stenosed left anterior
  descending (LAD) coronary artery.
• The NCD simulator consists of several modules
  that performs functions as
• Simulate the physical condition
• Run the nanorobot control programs
• Determines their action

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Continue.

• Provide a visual display of the environment in
  3D
• Record the nanorobot behaviours for later
  analysis
• The approach used aims to trigger the process of
  medical molecular machine activation.
• This trigger will turn the nanorobot ON,
  switching it to REPAIR MODE.

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Fig. view of NCD simulator workspace
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MEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF NANOBOTS

• Applied in chemotherapy to combat cancer.
• Breaking up kidney stones.
• Cleaning wounds.
• Monitoring diabetes and controlling glucose
  levels.
• Parasite removal.
• Breaking up blood clots.

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ADVANCEMENT OF NANOBOTS

• Nanobots are expected to enable new treatments
  for patients suffering from different disease and
  will result in a remarkable advance in the
  history of medicine.
• In recent years, the potential of nanotechnology
  has indeed motivated many governments to devote
  significant resources to this new field.
• The US NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION has launched
  a program in SCIENTIFIC VISUALISATION.
• A 1 trillion US market consisting of devices and
  systems with some embedded nanotechnology is
  projected by 2015.

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CONCLUSION

• A study with advanced ways to establish a trigger
  and control behaviour for nanorobots in
  cardiology was adopted.
• The approach presented in this paper has
  successfully combined a precise physical
  simulation to establish the environment for
  operation of nanorobots.
• The aim in this study was to show an innovative
  framework for enabling designs and models of
  medical nanorobots.
• Hence, this study points towards possible ways to
  advance nanotechnology as diagnostic and
  treatment tool using nanorobots for cardiology
  patients.

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REFERENCES

• Freitas Jr. R.A. nanomedicine Basic capabities
• Cavalcanti A. assembly Automation with
  Evolutionary nanorobots and sensor based control
  applied to nanomedicine
• G.M.Patel, G.C.Patel, R.B.Patel, J.K.Patel
  nanorobotA versatile tool in nanomedicine.
• Chandran K.B., cardiovascular biomechanics, New
  york university.
• Purcell E.M., life at low reynolds number,
  american J. of physics.

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