Diabetes

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Diabetes
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Digestion

• Degrading more complex molecules into simple
  building blocks
• Absorbed into the bloodstream for delivery to
  whichever cells in the body need them
• Hormone that is responsible for the transport and
  storage of these building blocks into target
  cells is__________.

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Energy use during a stressor

• Generally, the body breaks down your food to
  convert it into storage forms
• Is this a good thing when facing a stressor?

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During a stressor

• glucocorticoids block transport of nutrients into
  fat cells, countering effects of floating insulin
• amino acids arent good source of energy, so body
  re-routes them to the liver where they are
  converted into glucose
• Gluconeogenesis
• Energy from fat and from non-exercising muscles
  to exercising ones

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Diabetes

• Metabolic disease characterized by abnormalities
  in the bodys ability to secrete or to
  effectively use insulin
• Failure to metabolize sugar causes an excess of
  glucose in the blood

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Type I Diabetes

• Insulin-dependent diabetes
• Develops in children between the ages of 5-13
• Managed primarily with daily injections of
  insulin
• Abrupt onset of symptoms
• May result from viral infection, autoimmune
  reaction, and genetic factors
• Accounts for 10 of all diabetes
• symptoms include
• Frequent urination
• Unusual thirst
• Irritability
• Nausea
• fainting

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Type 1

• Delicate metabolic balance
• Proper diet and nutrition
• Continuous monitoring of blood glucose and
  appropriate insulin levels
• Exercise

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Type II Diabetes

• Develops usually after age of 40, but can develop
  at a younger age
• Not as serious as Type I
• person produces some, but not enough insulin
• Failure of cells to respond to insulin
• Insulin-resistant diabetes
• Inactivity and weight gain increases the risk of
  developing Type II diabetes as the body ages

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Characteristics of Type I and Type II Diabetes
Mellitus
Type I Type II Onset occurs before age
30 Onset may occur during childhood or
adulthood Patients are underweight Patients are
overweight Patients experience frequent thirst
and urination Patients may or may not experience
thirst/urination Affects equal numbers of men and
women Affects more women Has no socioeconomic
correlates Affects more poor than middle-class
people Requires insulin injections Requires no
insulin injections Carries risk of kidney
damage Carries risk of cardiovascular
damage Accounts for 10 of diabetics Accounts
for 90 of diabetics
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Adherence and Diabetes

• Rosenstock (1990s)
• 80 percent of diabetics incorrectly administer
  their insulin
• 73 percent did not follow their diet
• Only 7 percent complied with all the steps for
  good control

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Adherence and Diabetes

• Reasons for poor adherence
• Psychological stress
• Pressure to eat
• Adherence to altering lifestyle behaviors
• Medical information seen as advisory
• Complexity of regimen
• Are often asymptomatic

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Improving Adherence

• Patients and physicians must agree on treatment
  goals
• Social support?
• Interventions that focus on improving
  self-control
• Role of family

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Chronic stress Type I Diabetes

• HPA
• causes even more glucose and fatty acids to be
  mobilized into the bloodstream
• Glucocorticoids act on fat cells making them less
  sensitive to insulin
• fat cells release other hormones to get muscle
  and liver to not respond to insulin

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Chronic Stress and Type II Diabetes

• Fat cells become less responsive to insulin, and
  less glucose is taken up by these cells
• Circulating glucose and fatty-acids can damage
  blood vessels
• Damage to the pancreas