What is Diabetes Mellitus

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What is Diabetes Mellitus ?
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What is Diabetes?
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DIABETES Greek
MELLITUS Latin
Sweet as honey
To pass water like a siphon
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Diabetes Mellitus
Sweet Urine
It is a longstanding disease
characterized by high blood sugar
levels. Elevated levels of blood glucose
(hyperglycemia) lead to spillage of
glucose into the urine.
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What is glucose?
Glucose is an essential nutrient that provides
energy for the proper functioning of the body
cells.
FUEL
MAN needs glucose to work
CAR needs fuel to move
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What is glucose?
Glucose in digested food is absorbed by the
intestines into the blood and carried to all the
cells in the body. Glucose needs insulin to enter
the cells.
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What is Insulin?
Insulin is produced by the PANCREAS
especially during meals. Without insulin,
glucose cant enter the cells and remains in the
blood.
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G
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Glucose
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Key Insulin
G
Keyhole Insulin Receptor
Cell Powerplant
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Keyhole Insulin Receptor
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CELL POWERPLANT
Key Insulin
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G
Energy
G
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G
CELL POWERPLANT
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What causes it?
Insufficient production of insulin or the
inability of cells to use insulin (insulin
resistance).
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Type 2 DM defective insulin receptor (keyhole)
with insufficient insulin
Type 1 DM insulin (key) absent
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Do I have Diabetes?
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CRITERIA FOR DIAGNOSIS OF DIABETES
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GLUCOSE REGULATION
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GLUCOSE REGULATION
GLUCOSE
INSULIN
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ETIOLOGIC CLASSIFICATION OF DIABETES MELLITUS

• TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS
• ß-cell dysfunction leading to absolute insulin
  deficiency
• TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
• predominant insulin resistance with relative
  insulin deficiency or
• predominant secretory defect with insulin
  resistance
• OTHER SPECIFIC TYPES
• GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS

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DM TYPE 1
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DM TYPE 2
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SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES
Increased thirst
Excessive urination
Increased appetite
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SYMPTOMS OF ELEVATED BLOOD GLUCOSE
Excessive Urination
Frequent Thirst
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POLYURIA -increased amount of daily urine
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SYMPTOMS OF ELEVATED BLOOD GLUCOSE
POLYPHAGIA
ITCHINESS
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SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES
Weakness and Fatigue
Weight Loss
Poor Wound Healing
Blurring of Vision
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WHO GETS DIABETES MELLITUS?
AGE
RACE/ COLOR
SEX/ GENDER
RELIGION
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TRIGGERING MECHANISM
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CAUSES OF DIABETES MELLITUS
HEREDITY
OLD AGE
OBESITY
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GENETICS OF DIABETES
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PATTERN OF INHERITANCE
DM TYPE 2
DM TYPE 1
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CAUSES OF DIABETES MELLITUS
PREGNANCY
ILLNESS
SURGERY
MEDICATIONS
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COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES

• MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS
• DIABETIC RETINOAPTHY
• DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY
• DIABETIC NEUROPATHY
• MACROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS
• CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
• CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE

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DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
DM RETINOPATHY
NORMAL RETINA
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DIABETES AND KIDNEY DISEASE
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30-40
PEOPLE ON DIALYSIS
PEOPLE WITH KIDNEY DISEASE
PEOPLE RECEIVING KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION
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DIABETIC NEUROPATHY
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MACROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS
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PEOPLE AFFLICTED WITH DIABETES MELLITUS

• 25 times more prone to BLINDNESS
• 17 times more prone to KIDNEY DISEASE
• 5 times more prone to GANGRENE
• 2 times more prone to HEART DISEASE
• 90 times more prone to NEUROPATHY

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MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES
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MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES
Diet
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MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS
Exercise
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MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS
ORAL HYPOGLYCEMIC DRUGS
INSULIN
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MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS
Education
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• The Philippine College of Physicians wishes to
  acknowledge the following for their invaluable
  efforts in the preparation of this module
• Elaine Matawaran, MD
• Elaine Cunanan, MD
• Rosa Allyn G. Sy, MD
• Committee on Advocacy Public Relations
• Philippine Society of Endocrinology and
  Metabolism