Gender and DDR:

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• Gender and DDR
• A Framework for Gender-Responsive DDR Programs
• Fumie Nakamura
• Monterey Institute of International Studies
• June 2005

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Objectives of This Session

• Recognize Gendered Impact of DDR
• Develop a more equitable representation of target
  population
• Create Gender Responsive DDR Framework to improve
  program effectiveness to achieve program goals

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What are the Problems after the Current DDR?

• Insecurity and Instability in Post-conflict
  Society
• No Sustainable Development Peace in Community
• Gender-Based Violence
• HIV/AIDS Human Trafficking

4
What are the causes of the problems in DDR?

• Narrow definition of ex-combatant
• - Exclusion of Supporters Dependants
• gt Women Girls
• Scarce Resources
• - Limit target to men with guns
• Short-term Security Focus
• - No long-term Multi-dimensional Development
  Perspectives

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Why Are Women Girls Excluded in DDR?

• Invisible Multiple Roles
• - Hard to Identify and Reach
• Property of Soldiers
• - Not fit into ex-combatants
• Patriarchal Traditional Norms
• - Discourage Women to Participate
• - Self-reintegration

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Women in 2 Cases

• El Salvador
• Peace in 1992 relatively successful
• Joined primarily by choice
• Negotiator
• Demobilized and received reintegration supports
• Recognized female non-combatants roles

• Sierra Leone
• Peace in 2002 remains fragile
• Mainly by abduction and forced recruitment
• Women were not in negotiation
• Did not receive DDR supports

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Common Themes From 2 Cases

• Womens Multiple Roles
• - Fighters, nurse, cook, spy, mine worker,
• sex slave, war wife
• Still No Female-Specific Interventions/Activities
  
• Womens participation in negotiation help women
  to be in DDR
• Still neglect female supporters and dependants

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Reaction of International Community

• Security Council Resolution 1325
• Encourages all those involved in the planning
  for disarmament, demobilization and reintegration
  to consider the different needs of female and
  male ex-combatants and to take into account the
  needs of their dependants

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Implementation of 1325

• Mandate and Justification for womens involvement
  in DDR
• Ex Sudan 1325 is a strong international
  instrument
• Problems
• - No clear definition of ex-combatants
  dependants
• - what are the different needs?

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Why Support Women Girls in DDR?
Sustainable Peace Development

• Women Need Peace Development
• Basic Human Rights to participate
• Prevent Gender Based Violence, Human
  Trafficking, HIV/AIDS
• Include Supporters Dependants

• Women Build Peace Dev
• Advocate for SALW control
• Create Community Policing
• Support male ex-combatants and child soldiers

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What do we need to do support women SC 1325?
Appropriate Service Delivery to Female
Ex-combatants, Supporters, Dependants
Program Government Commitment to SC1325
Gender Responsive Need Assessment Program Design
Gender Training
Gender Responsive DDR
Gender Responsive ME
Gender Specialists
Coordination Mechanism with womens orgs and
community
Gender Responsive Budget
Donor Support
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Initiatives for Gender Responsive DDR

• Sudan
• Gender HIV/AIDS offices in SPLM and GOS DDR
  Authorities and UN DDR Unit
• DRC
• Seminar on Gender Mainstreaming in DDR (2003 by
  UNDP UNIFEM)

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Gender Responsive DDR 7 Key Steps

• Gender Mainstreaming
• Eligibility Criteria
• Gender-Responsive Need Assessment
• Program Design
• Gender Training
• Gender Responsive Budget
• Gender Responsive ME

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1. Gender Mainstreaming in DDR holistic approach

• 1. Understand how and why women girls needs
  are different from men
• 2. Creating an isolated womens subcomponent is
  not GM
• 3. Favoring women over men is not GM
• 4. Female-specific intervention is still OK
• 5. Women are not a homogenous group
• 6. GM is also for Men Boys

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2. Eligibility Criteria Three Groups
Female Supporters (Nurse, Porter, Cook, Spy,
Administrator, Sex Worker, Translator,
etc)
Female Dependants (wives, children of male
ex-combatant)
Female Armed Ex-Combatants (Fighters with
weapons)
Only this group is identified in the current DDR
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2. Eligibility Criteria
Yes
No
Eligible for Disarmament
1. Does she possess any type of weapons?
Eligible for Disarmament
2. Was the Use of Weapons an important part of
her job during the conflict?
3. Does she have any experiences of using
weapons? / Did she undergo any training in the
use of weapons?
Eligible for Reintegration
4. Did she perform essential support functions
during the conflict?
5. Is she socially and financially dependent on a
male ex-combatant?
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3.1 Gender Responsive Need Assessment

• Before the Assessment
• - Collaborate with local womens groups
• - Ensure that at least 30 are women in any
  decision making body transitional government
• - Use participatory methods

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3.2 Gender Responsive Need Assessment

• What to Assess
• Gender composition of armed groups
• Socio-economic/political status
• Gender Division of Labor
• Capacities of Local Womens Groups
• Level of Gender-Based Violence
• Specific needs of Female Ex-Combatants,
  Supporters, Dependents

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4.1 Program Design - Disarmament

• Information Campaign to reach women and womens
  organizations community mobilization
• Female Staffs at the weapon collection sites
• Collect womens knowledge of trading routes
  hidden SALW

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4.2 Program Design - Demobilization

• Separate accommodation ablution areas for women
  and men
• Counseling by female staff
• Reproductive health care
• Separate transportation facilities
• Gender Training (both men and women)

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4.3 Program Design Economic Reintegration

• Vocational Literacy Trainings with Childcare
  Services
• Womens Access to land credits
• Sensitization of community and potential
  employers
• Coordination with development agencies ex.
  micro credit programs

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4.4 Program Design Social Reintegration

• Understand changed and unchanged gender roles and
  relations in the post conflict societies
• Community-based reintegration rituals but
  without FGM
• Long-term psychological rehabilitation
• Support women to cope with traumatized children

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5. Gender Training
Gender-Based Violence
Gender Issues in HIV/AIDS Human Trafficking
Gender Roles, Relations, Identities
Gender Training
Ex-Combatants, Supporters, Dependants
Government
Community Members
Program Staffs
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6. Gender Responsive Budget
Need to Specify Costs of
1. Female Specific Activities
2. Gender Training
Gender Responsive Budget
3. Gender Specialists
4. Unit Cost By Gender
Auditing Information Sharing with Womens Orgs
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7.1 Monitoring Evaluation

• Assess Gender Equality in DDR Gendered Impact
  of DDR
• Transfer Lessons learned to future program
• Disaggregate Data by Gender
• Gender-Related Indicators

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7.2 Monitoring Indicators(during the program
implementation)

• No of gender training conducted in each camp
• of male and female ex-combatants who have
  attended gender training in each camp
• of female ex-combatants who have used
  reproductive health care service in each camp

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7.3 Evaluation Indicators(after the completion
of the program)

• change in the number of female ex-combatants
  and supporters who initiated and are maintaining
  income generating activities
• change in the number of female ex-combatants
  and supporters who have a higher level of
  self-confident

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Conclusions

• Coordinate with Development Assistant Agencies
• Promote Participation of Womens Organizations
  Community
• Mainstream Gender into both DDR policies and
  practices
• Implement Gender-Responsive DDR