GOAL TWO 2.05

1
GOAL TWO2.05

• Expansion and Reform (1801-1850)
• The learner will assess the competing forces of
  expansionism.
• Identify the major reform movements and evaluate
  their effectiveness.

2
Dorothea Dix

• (1802-87), social reformer. Dix gained worldwide
  respect for her efforts to win humane treatment
  for the insane. As a schoolteacher and
  humanitarian, she also started campaigns for
  civilized treatment and housing of prison
  inmates. She served as superintendent of U.S.
  Army nurses during the Civil War. Because of her
  work many states established publicly supported
  asylums for the mentally ill and abandoned the
  practice of chaining prisoners.

3
Horace Mann

• (1796-1859), educator and reformer. Called the
  father of the American common school, Mann played
  a leading role in shaping the American elementary
  school system, as his movement to improve free
  public schools in Massachusetts spread
  nationwide. As secretary of the Massachusetts
  State Board of Education (1837-48), Mann fought
  for reforms that resulted in a doubling of the
  amount of money allocated to schools, increased
  teacher salaries, and an extended school year. He
  founded the first state normal school for teacher
  training in 1839. Mann took a seat in the U.S.
  House of Representatives in 1848 as an
  antislavery Whig but lost his quest to become
  governor as a Free-Soil candidate in 1850.

4
Elizabeth Cady Stanton

• (1815-1902), reformer and a leader in the fight
  for women's rights. She and Lucretia Mott
  organized the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848,
  the first women's rights conference in the United
  States. With Susan B. Anthony she cofounded the
  National Woman Suffrage Association and coedited
  a women's rights journal, Revolution (1868-69).
  In 1878, at Stanton's urging, a woman suffrage
  amendment was proposed for the U.S. Constitution.

5
Elizabeth Cady Stanton

• Reintroduced annually, it was finally approved by
  Congress in 1919 and became the Twentieth
  Amendment. A prolific writer, Stanton helped
  compile the first volumes of the six-volume The
  History of Woman Suffrage (1881-86) and wrote
  Eighty Years and More (1898), an autobiography,
  and The Woman's Bible (2 vols., 1895, 1898), in
  which she interprets women in the Bible.

6
Lucretia Mott

• (1793-1880), Quaker reformer and abolitionist.
  One of the original members of the American
  Anti-Slavery Society, Mott served as a delegate
  to the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London in
  1840 but was denied a seat on account of her sex.
  This led to her work for women's rights. She and
  Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the 1848 women's
  rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York, an
  early event of the women's rights movement. Mott
  traveled and lectured widely against slavery and
  refused to use products produced by slave labor.
  After the Civil War, she continued to agitate for
  black suffrage as well as woman suffrage, the
  latter through her work with Susan B. Anthony as
  head of the National Woman Suffrage Association.

7
Seneca Falls Convention

• (July 19-20, 1848), meeting marking the formal
  beginning of the women's rights movement. Called
  by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton who,
  because of their sex, had been denied admission
  to an international antislavery convention in
  London, the assembly, at Seneca Falls, New York,
  was attended by some two hundred women and men
  (including abolitionist Frederick Douglass). They
  endorsed the Seneca Falls Declaration of
  Sentiments (modeled on the Declaration of
  Independence), which included a demand for the
  right of women to vote. The convention was the
  first of many and gave impetus to the women's
  rights movement.

8
Sojourner Truth

• (1797?-1883), evangelist, abolitionist, and
  feminist. Born into slavery as Isabella Baumfree,
  Truth escaped in 1827 to a Quaker family named
  Van Wagener (whose name she took) shortly before
  mandatory emancipation in New York State. In
  1843, after changing her name again to Sojourner
  Truth, she became the first black woman orator to
  speak out against slavery and became well known
  for her quick wit, inspiring faith, and powerful
  oratory.

9
Sojourner Truth

• She traveled widely throughout New England and
  the Midwest and in 1850 joined the struggle for
  equal rights for women. Truth visited Abraham
  Lincoln in the White House in 1864, pledging her
  support, and stayed in Washington, D.C., to try
  to improve the living conditions of blacks.

10
Susan B. Anthony

• (1820-1906), suffragist and abolitionist. The
  daughter of a Quaker abolitionist, Anthony was a
  leader and lecturer in the women's rights
  movement of the nineteenth century. With
  Elizabeth Cady Stanton, she cofounded the
  National Woman Suffrage Organization (1869),
  advocating a constitutional amendment to give
  women the vote. (The Nineteenth Amendment became
  law in 1920, fourteen years after her death.)
  From 1892 to 1900 Anthony served as president of
  the National American Woman Suffrage Association.
  With Stanton, M. J. Gage, and I. H. Harper, she
  compiled and edited the History of Woman Suffrage
  (1881-1902).

11
Utopian Communities

• Brook Farm-An experiment in Utopian socialism, it
  lasted for six years (1841-1847) in New Roxbury,
  Massachusetts.
• Oneida- A group of socio-religious perfectionists
  who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy,
  communal property, and communal raising of
  children
• New Harmony-A utopian settlement in Indiana
  lasting from 1825 to 1827. It had 1,000 settlers,
  but a lack of authority caused it to break up.

12
Prison Reform

• Prison reform in the U.S. began with the
  Pennsylvania system in 1790, based on the concept
  that solitary confinement would induce meditation
  and moral reform. However, this led to many
  mental breakdowns. The Auburn system, adopted in
  1816, allowed the congregation of prisoners
  during the day.