NON INDIGENOUS INVASIVE SPECIES

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NON INDIGENOUS INVASIVE SPECIES

• Beauty is a Potential Beast!

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Whats invasive?

• Invasiveplant that decreases diversity
  homogenizing plant community, cause local
  extinctions which are cumulative over a long
  period especially in small or highly sensitive
  community.

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Statistics from Hell

• Invasive exotic speciesnon-native species that
  invade and alter natural and managed areas
• Cover 100 million acres, increase 8-20
  annually2x Delaware
• lose 4,600 acres of public rec areas per day to
  invasives
• 42 of declines of threatened and endangered
  species partly due to effects of invasives
• why arent native plants ever considered
  invasive? ---natural succession

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Native vs. Non-native

• Are native invasives, but dont tolerate
  competiton as well, eg poison ivy doesnt do so
  well in shade compared to other natives that have
  edge
• Natural selection keeps in them in check---dont
  tolerate competition, and have natural pred.,
  path, and competitors that introd plants do not
• in New England, 3 of documented plants are
  non-native AND invasive, but still have potential
  to seriously damage plant communities

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Where Do They Come From?

• Does happen occasionally, e.g., spartina to CA
  and black locust, poison ivy, hay-scented fern,
  greenbrier
• Asian plants may be esp. bad here because of
  similar climate but not natural enemies
• 50 of problem species brought in to beautify
  gardens
• useful invasives planted by DOT and other
  agencies part of the problem
• problem longstanding, 1735, bloody non-natives
  such as lilacs and double narcissus many of
  modern invasives estab s ornamentals in early
  part of 20th century
• loosestride, jap honeysuckle flagged as invasives
  in 1938

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Top Twenty Invasive Plants in NYS

• Black locust
• Black swallow-wort
• Buckthorn
• Common reed
• Curly pondweed
• Ornamental olives
• European water milfoil
• Garlic mustard
• Shrub honeysuckles
• Japanese barberry

• Japanese honeysuckle
• Japanese knotweed
• Japanese stiltgrass
• Multiflora rose
• Norway maple
• Oriental bittersweet
• Porcelain berry
• Purple loostrife
• Spotted knapweed
• Water chestnut

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More Invasive Plants on LI

• Lesser celandine
• Golden bamboo
• Silver fleece vine
• Miscanthus
• Kudzu (yes, on LI)
• Mugwort
• Tree of heaven
• Wisteria
• Five leaf akebia

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Impact of Invasive Plants on Insects and Birds

• Birds cant eat all insects, insects cant eat
  all plants
• Eg, insects consume 239 sq cm of black oak vs. 12
  sq. cm of Norway maple
• A shortage of insect protein can affect second
  generation of birds, and repro
• native bird pops are in decline is it just
  habitat loss or is it an impact of invasive
  plants on food chain
• Junk food for insectsmultiflora rose, oriental
  bittersweet, Japanese honeysuckle, autumn olive,
  garlic mustard, Norway maple

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Invasive traits

• ABUNDANT fruits, seeds honeysuckle, autumn
  olive, multiflora rose, purple loosestrife,
  oriental bittersweet birds disperse, especially
  buckthorn which produces fruits from summer
  through late fall garlic mustard doesnt produce
  that many seeds but seedling survival rate is
  incredible
• EFFECTIVE, VARIED dispersal methods BIRDS 1,
  wind 2, e.g., Norway maple (wind from passing
  cars), mechanical means (exploding seed pods), or
  multiple methods (loosestrife), bits of root that
  float down stream such as Japanese knotweed,
  human vectors either through soil or water
  gardening

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Invasive traits

• INTENTIONAL INTRODUCTION OR ESTAB Japanese
  barberry, multiflora rose, purple loosestrife,
  oriental bittersweet, water chestnut
• EASY, RAPID ESTAB garlic mustard (white tailed
  deer?), ground disturbance (phragmites), wind
  throw (Japanese barberry, garlic mustard) high
  germination, wide range of biological tolerances
• RAPID GROWTH annuals and biennials produce huge
  seeds every 1-2 years, so always new supply
  invasive perennials reach maturity very rapidly
  to produce seeds and invasive vines rapid growth
  reaches into canopy to compete for light (or.
  Bitterwseet, Jap. Honeysuckle, mile-a-minute,
  kudzu) even privet because of its fruits

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Invasive traits

• AGGRESSIVE COMPETITION no predators, parasites
  or pathogens that kept them in check in native
  country, add in rapid growth and establishment,
  have unstoppable force once established---much of
  it may stem too from competition for sunlight
• of 235 woody plants known to invade natural areas
  in US, 85 introd for landscape purposes, 14
  for Ag rough estimate
• Eval, selec, promo new plants new species
  observed for 5-7 years in nursery before going to
  arboretum, then observed for 10 more years

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Impact of Invasive Plants on Landscaping

• Invasive plants are usually not native to the US,
  but in the US encounter better growth conditions
  and none of the natural predators and pathogens
  that keep them in control in their native
  countries
• 300-400 species considered pests nationwide, 30
  present in NYS
• half invasive species brought here for
  horticultural purposes

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Impact

• Invasives cost 123 billion/yr, mostly ag damage
• LI has largest number of rare plants and animals
  in NYS due to its southerly location and maritime
  climate
• Except for HI, NYS also has more foreign plant
  species than any other state
• invasive plants infest 100 million acres of land
  in US, 4,600 acres more each day

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Impact

• 42 of US species federally listed as threatened
  or endangered have invasive species a contributor
  towards their endangered status
• deer selectively browse native plants vs.
  non-natives thus giving invasive plants an even
  greater edge
• one species was established every 55 weeks from
  1851-1960, one new species every 14 weeks from
  1961-1995

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Susceptibility to Invasion

• Environs with fluctuations in resources
• Period immediately after disturbance or abrupt
  increase or decreases in resources by resident
  vegetation
• long intervals between increase in resource
  supplies (eg, drought)

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Buckthorn
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Glossy Buckthorn

• Insidious, inconspicuous, no showy flowers or
  bright fruits, form dense thickets, shade out
  other understory plants especially blackberry,
  viburnum, winterberry, dogwood and spicebush
  which are critical for bird food birds eat
  buckthorn fruit instead which is really not good
  for them, specially migrating birds
• glossy buckthorn can get up to 23 high, fruit
  red to black, floats so is transported that way
• cut back, resprouts with stronger root system,
  used to be promoted for hedge rows burn, may
  promote resprouting from roots beneath surface
• can invade pristine areas as well so doesnt need
  disturbed territory
• Leaves and veins obviously curve to tips

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Glossy Buckthorn

• oval leaves without teeth, small dense tree sim
  to old apple tree, broken twigs have acrid smell,
  leaves last well into the fall
• CAN STILL BUY THEM FROM NURSERIES!
• Likes wetter, more acidic, less shaded heath-oak,
  oine, spruce forests, seeds can wait in deeper
  shade for up to 50 years prior to sprout when gap
  opens up
• look for in old fields, hedgerows, powerline
  cuttings, mower lines at edges of trails or at
  edges of woods, or where understory disturbed by
  activity such as logging
• buckthorn can red. of species, change physical
  structure of habitat, disrupt food web, delay
  succession
• no mow or cut KILL!

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Phreakin Phragmites
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Phragmites

• Very visible invasive species, 8-10 feet tall,
  believed to be a native, but an agressive strain
  may have been introduced from Europe around the
  turn of the century, and this has led to the
  invasive qualities which we see today
• soil record indicate its presence in CT 3000
  years ago, some existing stands may be 1000 years
  old
• has valuable role in a small niche in tidal and
  non-tidal wetlands providing water filtration,
  food and cover for wildlife
• increased development and ag around wetlands may
  have created disturbed areas which phragmites
  exploit
• high seed producer, dispersed by wind, water,
  wildlife

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Phragmites

• Forms dense stands, sends up hew shoots from
  roots or above ground runners which travel great
  distances from parents (30 feet in a year)
• largest stand is in Hackensack7000 acres
• herbacious, perennial grass, prefers brackish
  water, very broad pH range
• try cutting back repeatedly before it goes to
  flower, just before end of July when most of the
  food reserves are in the aerial portion of the
  plant do for several years
• glyphosate if used must be applied after the
  tasseling stage when plant supplying nutrients to
  rhizome
• black plastic mulch may help some

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Phragmites

• Tiffany creek preserve four years of mulch
  mowing have seen a difference---reduced stand
  vigor
• Where they couldnt mulch mow, they tied stalks
  together in bundles of 25, swipe stumps
  altogether this method is good for preserving
  interplantings
• Move by perennial rhizomes, can attain stem
  density of up to 200 stems/sq. meter
• seeds are disseminated by wind and birds but
  seeds unable to germinate in water over 5 cm deep

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Multiflora Rosa
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Rosa multiflora

• From Japan and Korea in 1860s as a rootstock,
  1930s began to plant as wildlife food and cover
  plant, classified as noxious weed in NJ, spread
  by birds
• extremely bad in pastures, takes over open space
  and wet lands---flower of sleeping beauty fame?
• Mow reg. To inhibit seedlings in grassy areas,
  dig out roots, cut treat stump w/glyphosate
• used to be used as rootstock, think that north
  expansion is reason for over wintering mocking
  birds, robins, cedar wax wingsbeneficiaries, but
  other species displaced
• Used as a crash and glare barrier in road medians
• Seed can stay alive for 20 years and germination
  is enhanced by passing through bird gut

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Multiflora rose

• Infests 45 million acres in eastern US
• 1960s free cuttings to landowners
• highly competitive for soil nutrients
• Control is through mowing 3-6 times/season, for
  2-4 years or herbicide to cut stumps late in the
  growing season
• PGRs used to prevent fruit set
• Biocontrols via virus and seed infesting wasp
  iffy due to susceptibility of desirable roses

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Japanese Barberry garden gem or potential pest?
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Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii)

• Tolerates moderately dense shade (4 daylight)
  and still produces fruit
• can spread by roots generated from stem areas
  (adventitious roots)
• shrubs rarely die so any barberry patch is
  capable of long term persistence
• best time to treat is early spring sing one of
  earliest plants to break bud
• Populations do not rapidly expand in oak
  dominated forest or on north facing slopes

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Doesnt look mean, does it?
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Golden Bamboo
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Golden bamboo

• DONT BUY IT, DONT TRY IT once there youll
  never get rid of it, spreads like crazy, tall,
  shades out everything else
• likes rich moist soil, hardy grove making plant,
  roots hardy to -20 F. so dont mulch them and
  maybe theyll die
• spread by rhizomes 20-30 ft away hi neighbor,
  mowing shoots with lawnmower WILL NOT keep them
  from spreading
• if already have, dig trench and put in metal,
  concrete fiberglass or heavy plastic curb 18-24
  deep

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KUDZU!
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Kudzu!

• Climbing, woody, semi-perennial vine, dies back
  in winter in this area, thee leaflets, long
  hanging clusters of purple flowers, flowers in
  late summer, produces brown, hairy, flattened
  seed pods w/3-10 hard seeds
• smothers, girdles, devours landscape, deep roots
• prefers forest edges, abandoned fields, disturbed
  areas with lots of sun, likes mild wet conditions
• intro in 1876, widely planted for soil
  conservation 1935-mid 50ties, CCC
• need to destroy root system, root crowns regen,
  cut vines and bag up, close mow area for two
  seasons, cut repeatedly over season to use up
  stored CHO, late season apply glyphosate to cut
  stems

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Japanese Stilt Grass
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Japanese Stilt Grass (eulalia)

• Annual grass which forms dense mats, often found
  growing with garlic mustard
• stems may be 40 inches long and root at the nodes
• likes moist soils shaded from full sun, so see in
  marshes, ditches, low woods, borders, damp
  fields, lawns roadsides
• will not tolerate standing water
• used as packing for porcelain from China

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Japanese Stilt Grass (eulalia)

• Spreads rapidly following disturbance or flooding
• can still produce seed with only 5 sunlight
• remove by hand or mechanical means late in
  growing season before seed production for several
  consecutive years
• mowing and burning early in season wont control

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Porcelain Berry
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Porcelainberry

• In the grape family, see berries when you would
  expect to see grapes, THERE ARE NATIVE SPECIES
• Birds eat, disperse, seeds carried down river
• Can grow as much as 15 feet in one season
• Flowers produced on single seasons growth, hand
  prune in fall or spring to prevent fruit the
  following season
• If pulling when in fruit, bag or burn fruit, do
  not compost
• Triclopyr herbicide most effective from summer to
  fall, can do basal bark applications, mix with
  volume of oil when temps around 60F for several
  days

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Porcelain berry

• Beautiful leaves and berries (spread by birds)
• climbs up to 25 ft, grows in sun or shade
• TOUTED BY WOMENS MAGAZINES
• Delicate looking vine, shiny berries white,
  yellow, purple, blue, intro from Asia in 1870s
  as ornamental for estate gardens, spread by
  birds, easily mistaken for grape
• STILL SOLD AT GARDEN CENTERS
• Suggested alternatives include trumpet creeper,
  Virginia creeper, or jackman clematis

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Porcelain Berry

• likes open, sunny habitats subjected to repeated
  disturbance like highway shoulders, rr tracks,
  river banks, shorelines, fields, forest edges,
  gaps in woodlands
• reduces diversity, increases possibility of wind
  damage to trees, high germination rate and also
  by root segments
• mowing CANNOT dig out root system, can contain
  but not eradicate by repeated cutting and mowing
• best to shade out by trees, foliar glyphosate in
  early autumn most effective

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Porcelain berry
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Lesser celandine
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Lesser celandine

• Most of life spent underground, so timing is
  critical, see heart shaped leaves mid-Jan, die
  back by early June, get many yellow flowers in
  March andApril
• looks VERY SIMILAR to marsh marigold which is
  rare make sure correctly identify
• impact primarily on natiave psring flowring
  plants, compete for light, likes moist forested
  areas
• IS STILL COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE
• spreads by tubers and seeds
• manage by digging, but try not to disturb area
  and get all tubers, must mark areas before die
  back or wont find tubers

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Lesser celandine

• greatest neg impact w/herbicide and least to
  native wild flowers when herbicide prog begins as
  soon as plants emerge, continue until threat of
  impact on natives occurs
• fatty acid/soap product (Scythe) to burn cuticle
  gets foliage but not tuber, glyphosate is better,
  but watch out for desirables and temp has to be
  above 40 F w/ no rain anticipated for next 12
  hours
• finish herbicide appl by early April, switch to
  mechan. Removal
• chose alternate plants like wild ginger,
  dutchmans breeches, toothwort, bloodroot,
  twinleaf

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Purple Loosetrife
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Purple Loosetrife

• BIG BAD MAMA beautiful but quickly replaces
  native species like cattails, grasses, sedges,
  rare plants, becomes monoculture, not a good food
  or habitat source, clogs drainage and IS STILL
  COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE
• dont kid yourselves the sterile varieties
  arent, L. virgatum is same stuff, likes
  disturbed areas
• probably accidental intro to begin with in
  ballast of ships
• hand pull, cut (burn cut stems), burn, change
  water levels, kill plants but not weed seed
  banks, 30-50 stems from one root
• biological control with leaf eating beetle,
  weevils which mine roots and eat flowers, reduce
  infestations by 90 in 3 years, spot treat,
  monitor

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Loosestrife

• Can produce 120,000 seeds per flower head
• three million seeds per plant
• seeds have 80 survival rate after 2 years of
  dormancy
• very bad in wetland areas chokes out everything,
  we are surrounded by wetlands
• easy to recognize opposite lance shaped leaves,
  purple flower spike
• square stems like mint

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Loosestrife

• One mature plant can send out 30-50 shoots
• look alikes are swamp loosestrife, fireweed, blue
  vervain, and winged loosestrife these are not
  invasive but you may be able to use
• hand pull when less than 2 years, or in sand,
  broken roots will regenerate new plants
• watch out for herbicides around water
• best time to control loosestrife is in late June,
  July, August when in flower
• when flowers begin to drop petals the plant is
  beginning to produce seed, so easy to spread if
  control at this time

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Loosestrife

• Put all plant pieces in plastic bags since
  vegetation rots quickly in plastic and take bags
  to landfill, making sure that bags are NOT broken
  open for composting
• or incierate
• clothes and equipment can transport seed
• loosestrife may be present in some wildflower
  seed mixes CHECK PACKAGES!
• STERILE varieties can cross pollinate with wild
  loosestrife and become viable seed producers once
  again

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Loosestrife Alternatives

• Blazing star
• delphinium (full sun)
• false spirea (astilbe) needs moisture, part
  shade
• foxglove (full sun)
• lupine (full sun, acid)
• lobelia(cardinal flower, wet soil)

• obedient plant (false dragonhead , native plant)
• salvia (full sun)
• siberian iris (moist, acid soil)
• spike speedwell (full sun)

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MUGWORT!
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Artemesia

• Mother of Herbs repels demons, venoms, felon
  herb, crysanthemum weed name from muggia wort
  midge plant because repels insects, takes over
  disturbed areas
• repels flies and moths, perennial, can be brought
  in in poorly composted material, top soil,
  nursery stock
• reproduces by bits of root, pull out, get
  sorcerers apprentice effect
• try mulching area to reduce, relatively tolerant
  of most herbicides
• chrysanthemum or mugwort? Wooly underside of leaf
  mug wort
• rag weed or mugwort? Ragweed blades more deeply
  dissected

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Japanese (Vine) Honeysuckle
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Japanese honeysuckle

• Widely planted because endures almost any
  conditions
• reaches 15-30 feet
• resprouts readily after being cut back
• Tartarian, morrow, hybrid, european fly,
  amurinvasive shrubby honeysuckles

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Honeysuckles

• Russia/Asia/Japan very robust intro as
  ornamental, colorful berries, attractive to
  birds, widely promoted by US Soil conservation
  service, find everywhere
• very adaptable, Japanesevine, nothing grows in
  their shade, no ferns, grasses, wildflowers so no
  microhabitats, suppress forest succession
• less than 3 years, hand pull, larger, cut down to
  base, paint with 20 glyphosate in spring and in
  late summer/early fall, foliar spray only in fall
  when leave translocate to root
• repeated clipping in shady site, but NOT in
  sunny sites or else get worse problem
• we DO have NATIVE honeysuckles, so make sure you
  know difference

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Bush or shrub Honeysuckle
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• Suggested replacements for bush honeysuckles
  include
• Spice bush
• Ink berry
• Gray dogwood
• Northern bayberry
• Red chokecherry (aronia)
• Viburnum, so long as it is resistant to viburnum
  leaf beetle

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Bittersweet Natures Boston Strangler
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Oriental Bittersweet

• Native to Japan, China and korea intro to US mid
  1800s, invades open fields, forests, wetlands,
  meadows, edges of salt marshes, roadsides,
  strangles and chokes out all other vegetation,
  can scale 60 feet
• how do you tell the difference between American
  and Oriental bittersweet? American has flowers
  and fruits only on the ends of each branch
  Oriental has flowers and fruits between the leaf
  and the stem and thus make it prime decorating
  material DISCARDED WREATHS AND SWAGS SPROUT ON
  THE TRASH HEAP!
• Possibly beginning to cross breed
• when cut, vines resprout quickly, mow or use
  triclopyr as foliar or stump paint

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Oriental bittersweet

• Originally planted as an erosion control
• grows up to 30
• NURSERIES STILL CARRY
• invades open woods, thickets, roadsides

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Russian and Autumn Olives
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Autumn or Russian Olive

• Intro for erosion control and windbreak early
  1900, Autumn is frequent in east
• difficult to control, need to do prior fruiting,
  paint stump with herbicide, look for signs of
  resprouting
• autumn has juicy red fruits, Russian has hard
  fruits, gray green leaves, silver gray lanceolate
  leaves
• fixes nitrogen so good for poor soil
• crowd out nesting places and insect habitats
• do not burn or make problem worse

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Spotted Knapweed
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Spotted knapweed

• Biennial or short lived perennial
• allelopathic to other plants
• Likes droughty areas, does not tolerate shade or
  flooding, likes high pH
• Irrigate to allow grass or other plants to
  compete
• Not a huge problem here---yet huge problem in
  the west

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Norway Maple
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Norway Maple

• Intro Philly 1762, crimson variety maroon all
  summer long
• Rapid growth, easily transplanted, in a variety
  of soil, light and moisture conditions, tolerates
  environmental stresses like drought and pollution
  and tolerates pest damage
• beginning to out compete sugar maples look very
  similar!
• How to tell the difference Norway maple has dark
  furrowed bark, larger, broader leaves, yellow
  autumn coloring, has milky sap when leaves and
  stems torn
• form dense, shady canopies which inhibit
  wildflowers and seedlings of other
• make sure you pull out entire root system, or
  else resprouts
• cut mature trees as close to base as possible

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Norway maple

• Only invasive plant that does not re-sprout when
  cut at soil line

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Garlic Mustard
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Garlic Mustard

• Garlic mustard first reported on Long Island in
  1868, intro. by settlers as part of their herb
  gardens occurs today in 30 states, primarily
  invader of disturbed forest communities, common
  in dappled shade of edges of roadside, also
  tolerates deep shade, and increasingly adapted to
  full sun see new invasions in flood plane
  forests, so primary mechanism of dispersal are
  flood waters, wild life, human activity
• cool season biennial, white cross shaped
  flowers, produces 800-6000 seeds, dense
  colonies20K seedlings, outcompete other plants
  for moisture, light, nutrients, especially bad
  for bloodroot, wild ginger, toothwort, and
  hepatica which flower and set seed at the same
  time as GM

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Garlic mustard

• Contains toxins lethal to native butterflies

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Garlic Mustard

• ID dark green first year rosettes, stomp them
  and they smell like garlic, second year alternate
  heart shaped toothed stem leaves, still smell
  like garlic
• easiest to remove by hand, just before bloom,
  remove infestations up to 98 if use fire must
  be hot enough to burn through leaf litter, entire
  area should be scorched, repeat every 3-5 years
  or actually making site better for garlic mustard
• use herbicides at basal rosette stage, any time
  as long as temperatures not below 50F,
  glyphosate in fall
• plant remains green throughout year, dies after
  flowering
• grows in combo w/ yellow jewel weed
• control for max of 5 years to get rid of seed bank

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Japanese Knotweed
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Japanese Knotweed

• Even found in Alaska! Blooms in fall,
  herbaceous perennial, into in late 1800s as
  ornamental, was used as an erosion control along
  streams and rivers, tolerates high salinity, deep
  shade, heat, asphalt?
• Spreads by rhizomes, 65 ft from a single plant,
  parts in soil can regenerate into a new colony,
  form their own mulch with stalks in the fall, bug
  threat to river shores
• need at least three cuts a season to combat
  rhizomes dont dig it up or youll break up
  pieces and end up with lots more, dont know if
  burning works
• herbicide works when hand applied to ENTIRE plant
  during growing season
• likes full sunlight and disturbed soil

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Tree of Heaven
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Tree of heaven

• Does major damage to roads, sewers, sidewalks,
  buildings with root system
• Also called stinking sumac because of rancid
  popcorn or peanut butter smell
• True sumac is distinguished by fuzzy, reddish
  brown branches, erect fuzzy fruits and leaflets
  with toothed margins
• Tree of heaven has smooth gray bark and light
  chestnut brown twigs
• Produces huge number of seeds, 350K, so target
  removal efforts to large female trees who produce
  reddish brown papery seed pods in Sept. and Oct.

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Tree of heaven

• Suckers from cut stumps and root fragments
• Do initial cut in early summer in order to impact
  tree when root reserves lowest
• Use herbicides as a treatment to basal bark, cut
  stump keeping in mind that you need to control
  roots if you want to prevent grow back
• Can also try foliar sprays when trees in full
  leaf, so that spray absorbed and carried to root
  system (can also use triclopyr) apply to leaves
  and green stems
• Use window June 15-September 1

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Tree of heaven

• Basal bark application requires no cutting, do it
  late winter/early spring or in summer (June
  1-September 14)
• Make sure stem is not wet although water after
  application doesnt make any difference
• Use for trees less than 6 in diameterm, apply
  herbicides in 12 wide band around entire tree
  with no skips
• If tree is a little larger than 6 diameter,
  increase band width to 24
• Girdling or frilling (girdling plus herbicide)
  not rec. due to potential for suckering

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Tree of you know where

• Hack and squirt method make down ward angled
  cuts so that 1-2 of uncut living tissue between
  them, squirt in herbicide, most productive on
  stems of over 2
• Cutting tree down, must take out stump or treat
  cut stump, treat within 5-15 minutes of cut or
  plant seals itself off!
• Fungal disease naturally killing
  themVerticillium and fusarium problem up in
  Sands point where they dont want their trees of
  heaven to die!
• Replacements staghorn and smooth sumac, box
  elder, fringetree, ash, black walnut

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Borderline Plants

• Invasive or Just Really Aggressive?

118
Potentially Invasive

• Non-Indingenous
• naturalized
• biological potential for wide spread and
  establishment
• biological potential for existing in high numbers
  away from intensively managed artificial habitats

119
Potentially Invasive

• Edible berries?
• Vine?
• Grass?
• Self-sower?
• Fast and easy?

120
Chocolate Vine
121
Five leaf akebia (chocolate vine)

• Climbs to 40 feet, VERY aggressive
• does well in sun or shade, any soil
• pretty flowers, seed pods, foliage that persists
  to winter
• Kills off ground level vegetation, smothers
  canopy of tall trees, shades out natives
• Drought and shade tolerant
• Been here since 1845, spread by seeds and mostly
  humans
• Cut, dig, pull, glyphosate
• Replace with dutchmans pipe, or trumpet creeper

122
Silver Lace Vine
123
Silver Lace Vine (fleece vine)

• Flowers late summer
• can grow to 25 feet
• see all over LI
• spreads by rhizomes, needs full sun
• Not fussy about soil catalogue description warns
  dont let it intermingle with other plants, it
  will take over
• Prune to ground in winter or early spring---and
  paint the stump with herbicide

124
Miscanthus Misunderstood or Miserable Traitor?
125
Miscanthus

• Seeds are starting to colonize road sides
  naturally
• invasive in Southeast PA, so real potential for
  problem in NYS
• use Miscanthus purpurascens since no signs of
  invasion

126
Wisteria
127
Wisteria

• Breaks down trellises, trees, drainpipes, houses
• reaches up to 50 feet
• tolerates any soil, grows in sun or shade
• Distinguish from American wisteria by flowering
  time bad guy flowers April-May, good guys flower
  June-August
• Japanese twine clockwise, Chinese twine counter
  clockwise
• Love full sun but will hang out in partial shade,
  prefers loamy, deep, well drained soils
• Brought in as ornamentals in 1830s
• Live 50 years, seeds can be spread by water

128
Wisteria

• To control cut as close to root collar as
  possible, begin cutting early in the growing
  season, cut sprouts every few weeks until autumn,
  remove vines when possible
• Dont compost plant parts!!!!!Discard in garbage
• Treat stump w/round up
• Good replacements are dutchmans pipe, or trumpet
  creeper

129
Whats a Landscaper to Do??????
130
What can we do?

• What to Do? Survey found that many felt that
  invasives were attractive, helpful in controlling
  erosion and good food source for animals
• Garden Clubs alternatives to invasives, Brooklyn
  Bot. Garden guide to invasive plants
• prevention and early detection stop them before
  they get started thats where you come in
• most difficult problem is how to recognize
• biological control may backfire, especially if
  the specialist becomes less so and feeds on
  closely related genera that are rare

131
What can we do?

• Mechanical control best when invasion is small,
  or if some other way is risky for environs e.g.,
  hand pull prior seed set
• good idea is exhange pull up plants considered
  invasive, bring them in, get a perennial in
  exchange
• group attacks on buckthorn and honeysuckle
• cut shrub, swipe stump with herbicide widespread
  herbicide treat dificult because wipes out other
  plants as well (may be good for primarily
  phragmites communities

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Control

• Hand pulling least expensive but must be done
  early
• mow repeatedly to exhaust root reserves
• remove before sets seed
• watch out for vegetative repro or else end up
  with sorcerers apprentice effect
• for MOST invasive species the time to treat is
  fall

133
Control

• Herbicide autumn olive, buckthorn, honeysuckle,
  knotweed, oriental bittersweet, phragmites (watch
  water!!!), tree of heaven
• hand pull loosestrife, buckthorn, garlic
  mustard, norway maple, russian olive, spotted
  knapweed

134
Tips for success

• Target small pops vs. large
• start upstream/uphill then move down to reduce
  re-invasion
• protect sensitive desirable plants from trampling
  (work in winter when ground frozen)
• avoid accidental spread on shoes, equip, debris
  or compost

135
Stump Etiquette

• Cut plant as close to ground as possible,
  minimizing the distance herbicide has to travel
  from stump to roots
• use a clean, flat horizontal cut for maximum
  performance and limited run off
• use 1 ml of undiluted herbicide/cm of
  circumference of plant applied to cambium
• plants like porcelain berry root in several
  locations, make sure you paint them all

136
Stump Etiquette

• Spring not the best time for this since sap flow
  is likely to wash the herbicide out again
• wait until at least after Memorial day
• fall is actually best time, even after plant has
  dropped its leaves as long as you know which
  things you are trying to kill!
• dont treat during a prolonged drought
• wait a month after treatment until you re-plant

137
Avoiding disaster

• Plant hybrids only 1 of woody invasives in this
  country are hybrids
• use plants that are native to other parts of this
  country rather than to Asia
• dont plant anything that has been invasive in
  other parts of the world
• revisit invaded sites once a month after
  remediation to make sure they havent grown back
  and then twice a year for recheck