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Indigenous People as a Means of Conservation

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Title: Indigenous People as a Means of Conservation


1
Indigenous People as a Means of Conservation
  • Katie Jorgenson
  • Caitlin Kelly

2
Background
  • Amazon rainforest covers 4.1 million square km of
    land
  • The Amazon is also home to extreme biodiversity
  • One third of the worlds species can be found in
    the Amazon rainforest
  • Extremely humid with a rainfall exceeding 2,000
    millimeters per year

World Bank. "Brazilian Amazon Rain Forest Fact
Sheet". 2005. http//web.worldbank.org (8 March
2006).
Photo http//magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/040
3/feature1/zoom2.html
3
Deforestation
  • Began in the early 1970s
  • Linked to the strength of the economy
  • Large businesses are mostly large cattle ranchers
    and agriculture, if they thrive deforestation
    rates increase
  • One of the greatest threats to the Amazon
    rainforest is soy bean production
  • lot of investment into the farming of soy beans
    because they are in demand

Fearnside, PM. 2005. "Deforestation in Brazilian
Amazonia History, Rates, and Consequences".
Conservation Biology 19 (3)680-688.
4
Deforestation contd
  • Increase in deforestation and logging leads to an
    increase in forest fires
  • Fragmented forests dry out easier making it
    easier to reach conditions that cause forest
    fires
  • Causes exploitation of environmental resources
  • Loss of habitat to animals and plants
  • Creates soil erosion
  • Changes the water cycle
  • Devastating for hydropower
  • Disturbs river ecosystems

Fearnside, PM. 2005. "Deforestation in Brazilian
Amazonia History, Rates, and Consequences".
Conservation Biology 19 (3)680-688.
5
How Reserves Conserve
  • In 1988, Brazil amended its constitution to
    protect the lands of indigenous to preserve the
    environmental and economic stability of the land
    that ensures reproduction of indigenous culture.
  • The federally-owned lands traditionally occupied
    by indigenous peoples are unregulated for
    resource extraction by third parties allowing
    for environmental degradation of these protected
    lands from foreign influences
  • Illegal mahogany trade, gold mining, ranchers,
    and road construction

Schwartzman, S., and Zimmerman, B. 2005.
"Conservation Alliances with Indigenous Peoples
of the Amazon". Conservation Biology. 19 (3)
721-727.
6
How Reserves Conserve contd
  • Without resources for surveillance and
    enforcement, the impending pressures of invasive
    activities risk both the rich biodiversity of
    indigenous reserves and the vulnerable
    traditional cultures inhabiting them.
  • A study from the Jackson Hole Research Center
    concluded that indigenous reserves can inhibit
    deforestation despite strong forces around them
  • 33 of the 38 indigenous reserves studied
    exhibited .75 deforestation or less while
    surrounded by areas that are deforested at a rate
    of 1.5 annually.

Nepstad, D., Schwartzman, S., Bamberger, B.,
Santilli, M., Ray, D., Schlisinger, P., Lefebvre,
P., Alencar, A., Prinz, E., Fiske, Greg, and
Rolla, Alicia. 2006. Inhibition of Amazon
Deforestation and Fire by Parks and Indigenous
Lands. Conservation Biology 20 (1) 65-73.
7
Indigenous Reserves and Areas of Active Forest
Fires
  • The state of the Brazilian Amazon from GOES
    satellite in 1998 (a) natural distubrances in
    the Brazilian Amazon, gray lines indicate
    highways, while the Indigenous Reserve, labeled
    Ka represents the Kayapo reserve (b) Red
    indicates active fires detected by the GOES
    satellite during 1998. (Nepstad et al. 2005)

8
Benefits of Communal Conservation EffortsFrom
Forest Trends and Ecoagricultural Partners
  • A commitment of resident peoples to biodiversity
    conservation and a willingness to invest over the
    long-term, reducing the costs of conservation.
  • Income generated to reduce poverty, sustain
    livelihoods and reduce pressures.
  • A wider range of ecosystems and biodiversity
    protected across biological corridors and
    political boundaries.
  • An approach consistent with movements for
    Indigenous Peoples greater land rights and an
    asset for creation among the poor.
  • An approach that facilitates the application of
    indigenous ecological knowledge to management and
    protection.
  • More local employment and expertise created for
    biodiversity conservation, complementing
    expertise in parks and forest agencies and
    reducing the dependency on top-down initiatives.
  • More financial resources mobilized, increasing
    the available funds for ecologically critical
    protected areas.

Molnar, Augusta, Scherr, Sara J., and Khare,
Arvind. Who Conserves the Worlds Forests? A New
Assessment of Conservation and Trends. Forest
Trends and Ecoagricultural Partners Washington
DC, 2004. 12-14, 48-50.
9
Kayapó Case Study
  • Conservation International in Brazil forged an
    alliance with the Kayapó people in 1992
  • Their territories contain more than thirteen
    million hectares of Amazonian forest within the
    Parà and Mata Grosso states
  • The alliance aimed to curb the allure of
    contracts that cause reserve destruction, such as
    mahogany logging and gold mining, which provide
    the Kayapó people with income to further protect
    their lands.

Zimmerman, B., Peres, C.A., Malcolm, J.R., and
Turner, T. 2001. Conservation and Development
Alliances with the Kayapo of South-Eastern
Amazonia, a Tropical Indigenous People.
Environmental Conservation 28 (1) 10-22.
Photo http//gruppen.greenpeace.de/aachen/wald-fo
tos-indianer.html
10
Kayapó Case Study contd
  • The project also strove to empower the indigenous
    leaders development decisions by providing them
    with research information.
  • Protect broadleaf mahogany populations from
    harvest, ensuring the biological diversity of the
    reserve.
  • The alliance created the Pinkaiti ecological
    research station that would attract researchers
    to the reserve.

Zimmerman, B., Peres, C.A., Malcolm, J.R., and
Turner, T. 2001. Conservation and Development
Alliances with the Kayapo of South-Eastern
Amazonia, a Tropical Indigenous People.
Environmental Conservation 28 (1) 10-22.
11
Kayapó Reserve A Success Story
  • The benefits of increased research opportunities
    from research station include
  • Preserving indigenous knowledge within research
    studies
  • Sustain the local economy by creating employment
    positions at the ecological research station
  • Continuing to validate the Kayapó people from
    mutually advantageous relationships with outside
    influences
  • The infrastructure created for research stations
    may accrue other occasions for economic growth of
    the Kayapó people
  • Non-invasive ecotourism
  • Producing other non-timber goods, such as brazil
    nuts

Zimmerman, B., Peres, C.A., Malcolm, J.R., and
Turner, T. 2001. Conservation and Development
Alliances with the Kayapo of South-Eastern
Amazonia, a Tropical Indigenous People.
Environmental Conservation 28 (1) 10-22.
12
Amazon Conservation Team
  • Mission statement to work in partnership with
    indigenous people in conserving biodiversity,
    health, and culture in tropical America"
  • Believes that biodiversity conservation is most
    obvious where indigenous cultures thrive
  • ACT provides indigenous people with the means to
    conserve their land

About ACT". 2006 http//amazonteam.org/about.html
(4 March 2006).
13
Mapping Projects
  • Brought together 14 of the tribes of the Xingu
  • Indigenous people create their own maps with
    guidance from ACT members
  • Maps are used to guide future planning, risk
    assessment, and the assessment of areas that are
    in need of protection
  • Maps have help protect the borders from illegal
    activities

"ACT Projects". 2006 http//amazonteam.org/project
s.html (4 March 2006).
Photo http//amazonteam.org/northeast.html
14
Mapping contd
  • Provided strategic placement of new villages on
    borders
  • Brazils environmental protection agency has
    teamed up with tribes to manage the parks natural
    resources
  • Signed agreements have been made to introduce
    protection activities into other territories that
    are in need of environmental protection

"ACT Projects". 2006 http//amazonteam.org/project
s.html (4 March 2006).
15
Shamans and Apprentices Program
  • Keep culture and traditional values of the
    indigenous people alive
  • Elder teaches a younger member in the tribe
    traditional medicine
  • Thousands of years of knowledge is passed on
  • ACT establishes new healthcare programs
  • Provides traditional healing and western medicine

"ACT Projects". 2006 http//amazonteam.org/project
s.html (4 March 2006).
Photo http//amazonteam.org/northeast.html
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