Cancer

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Cancer

• Disorders of the
• Human body

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Body Cell Growth

• Structural and functional unit of all living
  organisms
• Bacteria are comprised of only ONE cell
• HUMANS HAVE AN ESTIMATED
• 100 TRILLION BODY CELLS
• Cell is Latin for Cellular or a small room

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Largest Single Cell

• The largest known cell is an
• Ostrich Egg

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Cell Division

• Unregulated cell division of Cancerous cells
  causes damage to a persons DNA
• Can affect people of all ages
• One of the principle causes of death in some
  countries
• Unregulated growth of CANCER CELLS is caused by
  damage to your DNA
• Causing MUTATIONS to your genes
• Cells coming together are called TUMORS
• Tumors can be either MALIGNANT or BENIGN

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Cancer Cell Movements

• Direct growth into adjacent tissue through
  INVASION
• Or by implantation into distant sites by
  METASTASIS
• Through BLOODSTREAM or LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

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LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

• Complex network of lymph nodes, lymph ducts,
  lymph capillaries, and lymph vessels
• The LYMPHATIC SYSTEM is a major part of your
  IMMUNE SYSTEM
• FUNCTIONS
• Removal of excess fluids
• Absorbs fatty acids
• Produces immune cells called plasma cells

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LYMPH FLUIDS

• Originates as blood plasma that leaks from
  capillaries of your circulatory system becoming
  interstitial fluid
• Fills spaces in between cell tissues
• Cleaned/filtered in your LYMPH NODES
• Removes bacteria cancer cells or any foreign
  matter in your LYMPH NODES

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LYMPH NODES

• EXAMPLES OF NODES
• SPLEEN
• TONSILS
• VERMIFORM APPENDIX
• RED BONE MARROW
• THYMUS GLAND

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LYMPHATIC CIRCULATION

• If a CANCEROUS CELL travels through the LYMPHATIC
  SYSTEM
• it is considered to be METASTATIC
• CANCER can reappear or affect anywhere in your
  body
• CANCER can affect almost any organ in your body

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CANCER CELL TREATMENT

• Once CANCER is diagnosed, it is usually treated
  by
• A combination of
• Surgery
• Chemotherapy
• Radiotherapy

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CARCINOGENS

• Examples of CARCINOGENS could be
• Radiation
• Chemicals
• Environmental physical agents like
• Tobacco smoke
• Lead paint
• The suns radiation
• Alcohol
• Certain viruses

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EARLY TREATMENTS

• Change in diet
• Blood-letting (leaches/blood suckers)
• Laxatives
• Based on 4 body fluids
• Black and yellow bile, blood, phlegm

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DEFINATIONS OF TERMS

• Neoplasia/neoplasm
• Cancerous diseases
• Can be either malignant or benign
• Cancer
• Commonly known as MALIGNANT NEOPLASM
• TUMOR
• A lump or a swelling area

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TYPES OF CANCERS

• CARCINOMA
• Malignant tumors/most common form
• LEUKEMIA
• Cancer of the blood and bone marrow
• SARCOMA
• Malignant tumors from connective cells

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TYPES OF CANCERS

• MESOTHELIOMA
• Tumors in the Pleura(lungs)
• CHORIOCARCINOMA
• Tumors in the Placenta
• GLIOMA
• Brain tumors,
• Germinoma
• Testicular or Ovarian cancer

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Adult Male Cancers

• Prostate
• Lung
• Colorectal
• Bladder
• Pancreatic
• Leukemia
• melanoma

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Female Adult Type Cancers

• Breast
• Lung
• Colorectal
• Endometrial
• Ovarian
• Pancreatic

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Childhood Cancers

• Leukemia
• Neuroblastoma (CNS)
• retinoblastoma

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Causes of Cancers in the Body

• Uncontrolled proliferation of cells
• Benign tumors dont usually spread
• Malignant tumors can invade most organs
• Metastasize is when the cancer cells migrate in
  the body

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Metastasis Cell Growth

• Works as an independent target
• Have the ability to grow faster than normal
• Taps into blood vessels
• Mutant strains of normal cells
• Defects in regulatory genes
• Evolves under the assault of normal cells
• Every normal cell that divides too rapidly
  creates an opening for that cell to become
  cancerous

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Cell Growth Continued

• Mitosis is the proper term for cell division
• The more frequently cells divideat a higher risk
• clones normal cells in the body
• Melanoma (skin) and leukemia (blood) cancers are
  more likely than bone

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Animal Cancers

• Parasitic Cancer-Stickers Sarcoma in dogs

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Molecular Biology

• A disease of the GENES
• For cells to start dividing uncontrollably, genes
  that regulate cell growth must be DAMAGED by
  CARCENOGENS
• Causes cellular stress or DNA damage
• Body has tumor suppressor genes to attempt to
  prevent cancer beginning
• There must be a large number of CANCEROUS type
  genes to disrupt the normal cell growth
• When enough suppressor genes are overwhelmed,
  CANCEROUS cells can begin to multiply

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DNA MUTATIONS

• When there is an accumulation of these mutant
  cells, a tumor begins to grow
• Carcinogens cause this uncontrolled growth
  pattern of DNA destruction
• Tobacco-Lung Cancer
• Sun Radiation-melanoma
• Breathing Asbestos-Mesothelioma
• Fatty Foods-Colorectal

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Viral Infections

• Viruses are responsible for 15 of human cancers
• Human Papillomavirus (ovarian cancer)
• Epstein-Barr
• Human T-Lymphotropic-Lueukemia
• Hepatitis B Virus

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Malignant Tumor Cell Properties

• Unlimited growth potential
• Increased cell division rates
• Ability to invade neighboring tissues
• Ability to move though blood or lymph
• Insensitivity to anti-growth factors (chemo)

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CHEMOTHERAPY

• Use of Cytotoxic drugs
• Discovered in 1909 for treatment of STDs
• First used in WWI-mustard gas/low WBC
• Used on people with advanced WBC cancers
• Chemo impairs mitosis (cell division)
• Cant identify Cancer Cells independently
• Fast dividing cells are all killed
• Hair cells/intestinal lining cells are destroyed
  also
• Works better on younger tumors

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Chemotherapy Cont.

• Dosage is measured by ones body surface area
  (BSA)
• Mostly delivered by injection (intravenously)
• Sometimes administrated with Radiation therapy
• Shrinks the tumor/ then surgery can work

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Side Effects to Chemotherapy

• Hair loss
• Nausea/vomiting
• Diarrhea/constipation
• Anemia
• Malnutrition
• Depression of the immune system
• Hemorrage
• Possible death

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Radiation Therapy

• Radiation beams are pointed at the tumor
• Commonly used to treat malignant tumors
• Painless in its direct treatment
• Side effects
• Damage to epithelial/epidermis
• Lining of the mouth, throat, esophagus, bowels
• Swelling of soft tissues in body, infertility
• Measured in grays (Gy)
• Different amounts for different types of cancers

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Radiation Therapy cont.

• Works by damaging the DNA of cells
• Doesnt work on large tumors, due to the lack of
  oxygen in the tumor
• The less oxygen there is (hypoxic), the less it
  works

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DNA

• Nucleic acid that contains genetic instructions
  for the development and functioning of living
  organisms
• Genes carry the DNA of your biological parents
• All living things contain DNA genomes
• Its your blueprint of cell structure in your
  body
• Found in a Double Helix/Chromosomes