Crack Cocaine

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Crack Cocaine

• Many Voices One Vision 2007
• By Aaron Jones, MPH

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Presentation Objectives
Participants at the end should
Have an understanding of what crack cocaine is
Be aware of how crack is used
Know the trends of crack use in Indiana
Know the trends of crack use in the US
Increased understanding risks associated with
crack use
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Crack

• Crack is cocaine that has been processed from
  cocaine hydrochloride to a free base for smoking.
  
• Crack cocaine is processed with ammonia or sodium
  bicarbonate (baking soda) and water.
• It is then heated to remove the hydrochloride
  producing a form of cocaine that can be smoked.

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Crack

• Crack cocaine is a highly addictive stimulant of
  the central nervous system.
• The name crack comes from the noise it makes
  when being smoked.

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Cracks Physical Effects

• Immediate
• Decreased Appetite
• Increased Body Temperature
• Increased Heart Rate
• Dilated Pupils
• Nausea/Vomiting

• Long Term
• Violent Behavior
• Seizure and/or Stroke
• Kidney Failure

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Cracks Physiological Effects

• Increased Alertness
• Decreased Fatigue
• Increased Concentration
• Insomnia
• Increased Irritability
• Increased Psychosis

• Confused Behavior
• Increased Fear
• Extreme Paranoia
• Severe Anxiety Attacks
• Hallucinations (in extreme cases)
• Aggressive Behavior

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Crack Use

• Rocks of crack cocaine are usually smoked in a
  pipe.
• The effects are felt
• immediately and last
• 5-15 minutes

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Indiana Trends

• In 2005 Indiana had 4,531 admissions to substance
  abuse treatment facilities for cocaine use.
• 3,579 of those admissions were for individuals
  who smoked cocaine.
• Smoked cocaine admissions were 9.6 of all
  Indiana substance abuse admissions in 2005.

Treatment Episodes Data Set (TEDS) Highlights,2005
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Indiana Trends

• COCAINE USE IN PAST YEAR AMONG PERSONS AGED 12
  OR OLDER IN INDIANA, BY SUBSTATE REGION
  PERCENTAGES, ANNUAL AVERAGES BASED ON 2002, 2003,
  AND 2004 NSDUHS

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Indiana Trends
Percentage Reporting Lifetime Use of Crack
Cocaine by Indiana 10th Grade Students 1999-2006
Percentage Reporting Lifetime Use of Crack
Cocaine by Indiana 12th Grade Students 1999-2006
Statistically significant changes between 2005
and 2006 prevalence rates (plt.05). IPRC ATOD
Survey, 2006
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National Trends

• In 2005 58.3 of smoked cocaine admissions to
  substance abuse treatment facilities were male
  patients and 41.7 female.
• Of those admissions 38.4 were White
  (non-Hispanic), 51.9 were Black (non-Hispanic),
  and 7.5 were Hispanic.

Treatment Episodes Data Set (TEDS) Highlights,2005
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National Trends
Use of Cocaine in Any Form by Students, 2006
Monitoring the Future Survey, 2006
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National Trends
Percent of Students Reporting Risk of Using Crack
Cocaine, 2006
Percent of College Students/Young Adults
Reporting Crack Use, 20042005
Monitoring the Future Survey, 2006
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National Trends
Cocaine Admission Rates per 100,000 Population
Aged 12 or Older 1992, 1997, 2002
The DASIS Report, 2005
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Cocaethylene

• When cocaine and alcohol are used together the
  liver combines the two to create cocaethylene.
• Cocaetheylene enhnaces cocaines euphoric
  effects, and raises the risk of sudden death.

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Crack Use and Pregnancy

• Use of crack cocaine by pregnant women can lead
  to
• Increased incidence of still births
• Increased incidence miscarriages
• Premature labor and delivery
• Babies exposed to cocaine experience painful and
  life threatening withdrawal, and are at an
  increase risk of seizures

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Crack Use and Pregnancy

• Babies exposed to cocaine experience painful and
  life threatening withdrawal, and are at an
  increase risk of seizures.
• Women who use crack cocaine during pregnancy have
  been found to abuse other substances and not seek
  adequate prenatal care.

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Resources

• The Indiana Prevention Resource Centers Survey
  on Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by
  Indiana Children and Adolescents Data from
  1999-2006.
• http//www.drugs.indiana.edu/survey/atod/index.htm
  l
• Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) Highlights
  2005 National Admissions to Substance Abuse
  Treatment Services.
• http//www.oas.samhsa.gov/teds2k5/tedshi2k5.pdf
• The Drug and Alcohol Services Information System
  Report January 2005.
• http//www.oas.samhsa.gov/2k5/CocaineTX/CocaineTX.
  htm
• National Institute on Drug Abuse Monitoring the
  Future Survey, 2006.
• http//www.nida.nih.gov/index.html

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Thank You !
www.drugs.indiana.edu