Title: The Future of Electric Transportation
1The Future of Electric Transportation
Utilities Service Alliance Executive Summit June
11, 2009
Tom Reddoch Executive Director Energy Utilization
2What is an Electric Vehicle?
PHEV Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle EREV
Extended Range Electric Vehicle
EV Electric Vehicle
3Does an Electric Vehicle Produce Torque
4Plug-In Hybrids Significantly Reduce Consumption
of Motor Fuels
Source EPRI Report 1000349
5Benefits of 20 Mile Range PHEV
Energy SecurityEnergy EfficiencyReduced CO2
6High Fuel Costs Incentivize ETGasoline now
highest cost component of vehicle ownership
Source Ricardo Analysis
7Electric Vehicles Are Coming
EV
PHEV or EREV
Nissan 2010 CY
Production
Saturn VUE 2-Mode Blended Intro 2011 CY
Chevrolet Volt Extended Range EV 40-mile EV
range 16kWh Li-Ion Intro 2010 CY
Daimler Smart ForTwo 2010 CY
Mitsubishi iMIEV 2010 CY, 100 mile range, PGE,
SCE demo
8PHEV Development Timeline
First Announcements of Production-Intent PHEV
Programs
Other OEM PHEVs, EVs Enter Market
Launch of 1st Gen 2 Programs
Begin SAE Standards Efforts
Production Implementation of Smart Charging and
AMI Integration
2003
Begin Utility-Auto Collaborations
Finalize Connector (J1772)
Finalize Communications (J2836)
9Electric Vehicles Are Coming
10Key Issues
- Energy Storage
- Interface
- Partnership
11Key Issue 1 Energy Storage
- Technology Development
- Reduce manufacturing complexity and cost
- Increase storage capacity per unit volume
- Increase reliability, durability and life cycle
12Key Issue 1 Energy Storage
- 3 PLASMA TVs
- and SET TOP BOXES
13A JELLY DOUGHNUT
- Provides about ¼ kWh of energy to your body (1
megajoule)
14Energy Density Battery vs. Fuel
The eBox Contains a 600 lbs. 35kWh Battery
It can travel 120 to 150 miles on a single charge
One Gallon (6 lbs.) of Gasoline
600 pound Li-Ion Battery
35kWh of Energy
36.2kWh of Energy
1100 Weight Ratio
15Energy Content of Various Fuels
16Battery Technologies
17Lithium Ion Battery is Key Near-Term Enabling
Technology for PHEVs and EVs
- Numerous chemistries, continually evolving
technology - Well-suited for PHEV application
- High level of activity, support
- Synergistic with many stationary applications
- Challenges
- Near-term high cost
- Automotive cell manufacturing only just beginning
- Battery system life requirement key cost driver
18Lithium Ion Battery Durability
New Battery at 100 Capacity
Traditional End of Life(80 Original
Power/Energy)
19Li-Ion Batteries for Utilities
- Stationary use of new batteries
- This looks to be economically difficult except in
certain circumstances, like providing high
reliability in certain real-estate limited areas - Other technologies are still more cost effective
at utility scale - Stationary use of reclaimed batteries
- Batteries taken out of vehicles still have high
energy density and power density relative to
other utility energy storage options - These free batteries could be a useful resource
- The open question is how expensive it will be to
package these batteries to achieve utility-grade
reliability
20Critical challenges
- Risk is high for OEM programs
- Batteries are not easily available
- Factories have to be built, etc.
- Costs need to be 200-400 / kWh they are
currently more like 1500-2000 / kWh
21SLOWING DOWN (a.k.a. Braking)
- It takes energy to make a car move
- It also takes energy to make a car stop moving
- Cars use BRAKES to slow down
Where does the energy go?
22Electric Cars Can Slow Down Another Way
- An Electric Car can slow down by removing energy
from the wheels - If that energy is used to recharge the battery
its called REGENERATION or REGENERATIVE BRAKING
Where does the energy go?
23Key Issue 2 Interface
24Connector Auto Industry Adopting Single
Conductive Connector
- Dual voltage
- Level 1 (120 VAC)
- Level 2 (208-240 VAC max 15kW
- Low cost connector
- Open standard
- No dedicated comm wires
25Infrastructure Working CouncilA Stakeholder
Organization for Collaboration on Standards
Infrastructure Working Council- Utility-funded
stakeholder group- Identify and address needs
for codes and standards- Not a standards body
Society of Automotive Engineers- J1772
(Connector)- J2836 (Communications)
Inst of Elec and Elect Engineers- 1547
(Interconnecting DR)
Intl Electrotechnical Comm- TC69 (Charge
Infrastructure)- SC23 (Connectors)
ANSI, UL, etc.
National Electric Code- NEC625 (EV Charging
Systems)
26Utility Vision for Smart PHEV Infrastructure
- Safe, intercompatible, and intelligent interface
- Common connector and communication standards
- Smart Grid enabled
- Bi-directional data exchange between vehicle and
grid - AMI and non-AMI strategies to enable smart
charging - Understand and Define
- System impacts
- Infrastructure planning
- Long-term RD needs
27Getting Ready Infrastructure Planning
- Home
- Tenant
- Workplace
- Retail and Fee-based Parking
- Public Parking metered/un-metered
- Focus resources to achieve the greatest impact
- Establish some ground rules, for examplepublic
charging should be accessible to all
28Components of Grid Integration
AMI Path
Plug-In Vehicle
StandardInterface
- Utility Auto industry collaboration
- Standardize interface vehicle-to-grid
- Common
- Open systems
Non-AMI Paths
Smart Charging Back End Energy Management, Cust
ID, Billing
29Distribution System Impacts
- Evaluate localized impacts of PHEVs to utility
distribution systems - Participants ConEd, AEP, Hydro-Quebec,
Dominion, TVA, Southern, NU, BC Hydro, SRP, Duke,
PGE,
Distribution Impacts
Plug-In Characteristics
- Thermal Loading
- Losses
- Voltage
- Imbalance
- Harmonics
- Protection System Impacts
- Advanced Metering
- EE devices
- Plug-in vehicle type and range
- PEV market share and distribution
- Charge profile and power level
- Charger behavior
30Smart Grid Enabling PHEV and Other Distributed
Resources
Sensors Communications Enable Integration of
Distributed Resources with Utility Operations
31Communications Connecting PHEVs to the Smart
Grid
- Reconcile Fundamentally Different Systems
- Autos build a 50-state vehicle
- Utility systems are unique
- Clean sheet design
- Approach
- Intelligrid design principles
- Zigbee (short range wireless) or HomePlug
(powerline carrier) - Smart Energy Profile 2.0
- Validate and optimize via utility-auto
demonstrations programs
32Understanding Grid Impacts
- Generation Understand magnitude and timing of
PHEV load curve (EPRI-NRDC Study) - PHEV market penetration, vehicle characteristics
(battery size, charge power) - Transmission Study effects of aggregate
behavior of PHEV charging inverter loads on
system - Distribution Believed to see earliest impacts
due to clustering of vehicles. - Ten utilities in the study
33Key Issue 3 Partnership
- Standards
- Public Policy
- Customer Experience
- Demonstration
- Market Analysis
- Public Education
34Collaborative PHEV/EV Program Members
BC Hydro
Manitoba Hydro
Seattle City Light
Hydro-Québec
Portland General Electric
Great River Energy
Snohomish County PUD No. 1
We Energies
Central Hudson GE
PacifiCorp
Consumers Energy
Northeast Utilities
DTE
NYPA
Dairyland Power
ConEd
EnWinUtilities
PSEG
Nebraska Public Power District
FirstEnergy
Constellation Energy
Sacramento Municipal UD
Lincoln Electric
AEP
Hoosier
Dominion Resources
Hetch Hetchy Water and Power
Tri-State GT
Great Plains Energy
Pacific Gas Electric
AmerenServices
Progress Energy
Southern California Edison
Duke Energy
Salt River Project
Public Service NM
San Diego Gas Electric
Arkansas Electric Coop
Southern Company
EUROPE Iberdrola, S.A.
Austin Energy
Golden Valley Electric Assn.
CenterPoint Energy
Hawaiian Electric Co.
35Ford PHEV Program1st OEMUtility Demo of PHEV
Passenger Vehicles
- Fleet demonstration of 21 PHEV Escape prototypes
- Nine new participants join SCE, Ford, and EPRI
- Progress, DTE, NYPA, ConEd, Southern, NYSERDA,
National Grid, AEP, Pepco - Vehicle deliveries underway
- 3½ year test and demo program
36GM EPRI PHEV Demonstration and Smart Charging
Program
- 60 GM vehicles as demo fleet for GM-EPRI-utility
collaborative through DoE grant award of 10M - Smart Charging GMs vehicle first-ever smart
appliance designed to seamlessly integrate into
smart grid infrastructure - Understand customer charging behavior critical
for successfully integrating with demand
response measures - Design rates in support of desired charging
expectations
37Plug-In Vehicles as Distributed Energy Resources
- Mode
- V2G/DER Mode
- System Compatibility Testing
- PQ Impacts
- Protection System Impact
- Islanding
- Grounding compatibility
-
- Standards
- Satisfy IEEE, UL and local Utility
interconnection requirements - IEEE 1547
- UL 1741
- IEEE 929
- IEEE 519
- ANSI/IEEE Std 1001
38PHEV Environmental Assessment
- Nationwide Base Case (2007)
- Califiornia and Ohio regional studies with
Economic Impact (2008) - Impact of Smart Grid on Charging (2009/2010)
- Smart Charging
- Updated dispatch order to include renewable
resources - Updated vehicle technologies (GM, Ford)
- Update utility future
- Multiple charging scenarios
- Water impacts
Change in 8-Hour Ozone Design Value (ppb)PHEV
Case Base Case
39Image from NASA Visible Earth