Small Animal and Caged Bird Medicine

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Small Animal and Caged Bird Medicine

• Canine Viral Diseases
• Dr. Randy Ackman

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Canine Distemper

• Etiologic agent
• Morbillivirus
• Affects various species of Carnivora
• Canids, ferrets, raccoons, mustelids
• Transmission
• Shed in body secretions
• Primarily aerosol
• Labile in environment

http//cheval.vet.gla.ac.uk/vetscape/vet-x/lions/
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Canine Distemper

• Pathophysiology
• Highly contagious
• Infection of tonsils and bronchial lymph nodes
• Systemic lymphoid tissue
• Suppresses B and T cells
• Viremia
• Disseminates in epithelium and CNS
• Outcomes
• Complete recovery
• Death
• Encephalomyelitis

http//duke.usask.ca/misra/virology/CDV-path.JPG
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Canine Distemper

• Clinical Signs
• 0-100 mortality rate
• Fever initially (103-105)
• Diphasic
• Nasal and ocular discharge
• GI
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Respiratory
• Pneumonia
• Cough
• Dyspena

http//www.marvistavet.com/html/body_canine_distem
per.html
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Canine Distemper

• Clinical signs continued
• Hyperkeratosis
• Hard pad disease
• CNS
• Encephalomyelitis
• Acute
• Destroys gray matter
• Chronic
• Non-supporative
• Demyelination
• White matter
• Myoclonus gray matter
• Seizures gray matter

http//www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?cls2cat
1556articleid419
http//www.neurovet.org/VIDEOS/Myoclonus.htm
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Canine Distemper

• Neuro-distemper
• Development of CNS white matter signs
• Paresis
• Ataxia
• Old dog encephalitis
• Development of CNS grey matter signs
• Seizure
• Myoclonus

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Canine Distemper
Enamel hypoplasia
Optic neuritis
http//www.veterinaryvision.com/dvm_forum/dvm-emer
gency.htm
http//www.dentalvet.com/Encyclopedia/P00352_SC011
01.htm
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Canine Distemper

• Diagnosis
• Hematology
• Lymphopenia
• Early leukopenia
• Later neutrophilic leukicytosis
• Serum
• Ab does not differentiate from vaccine
• IgM rises with Vx and infection
• Inclusion bodies
• Epithelial
• Blood cells
• Conjunctiva
• Vaginal
• Bladder

http//duke.usask.ca/misra/virology/stud2004/dist
emper/diagnosis.html
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Canine Distemper

• Diagnosis
• IFA
• Detects viral antigen
• PCR
• CSF analysis
• CDV antigen
• Increased protein
• CDV Ab is diagnostic
• ELISA
• Radiographs
• Post mortem
• Pneumonia
• Histopath IFA
• Lung, lymph nodes, stomach, bladder

http//w3.vet.cornell.edu/nst/nst.asp?FunDisplay
imgID2696
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Canine Distemper

• Treatment
• Systemic antibiotics
• Broad spectrum
• Antiemetics
• Bronchodilators
• Anticonvulsants
• Phenobarbital
• Supportive
• Fluids
• Guarded prognosis
• High mortality rate

• Prevention
• Passive immunity from bitch
• Maternal Ab interference
• MLV CDV
• Almost 100 protective
• Rarely a fatal post vaccine encephalitis occurs

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Canine Parvovirus

• Etiologic agent
• Canine Parvovirus
• CPV-1,CPV-2, CPV-2a, b
• Transmission
• Fecal oral route
• Hardy virus
• Over winter
• During illness
• 1 billion/g feces
• Environmental contamination very important

http//www.marvistavet.com/html/body_schering-plou
gh_parvo_vaccine_.html
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Canine Parvovirus

• Pathophysiology
• Virus proliferates in tonsils and lymph nodes
• Viremia
• 3-5 days post infection
• Proceeds clinical signs
• Shedding prior to clinical signs
• Incubation period 7-14 days
• Fecal shedding not longer than 10 days

http//www.sadsac.org/parvo.htm
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Canine Parvovirus

• Pathophysiology (cont)
• Affects mitotically active crypt cells of
• Distal duodenum
• Jejunum
• Leukopenia, neutropneia
• Increased tissue demand
• Circulation to margination
• Depletion of bone marrow
• GALT and Peyers patches depleted
• Myocardial CPV
• Utero or neonatal infection

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Canine Parvovirus
http//www.veterinarypartner.com/Content.plx?PAC
A581SourceID
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Canine Parvovirus
http//www.technion.ac.il/mdcourse/274203/slides/
Digestive20tract/16-Jejunum.jpg
http//duke.usask.ca/misra/virology/parvo/czar2.h
tml
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Canine Parvovirus

• Clinical Signs
• Anorexia
• Depression
• Fever
• Vomiting
• Hemorrhagic diarrhea
• Profuse
• Rapid dehydration
• Small bowel diarrhea

http//people.freenet.de/sindern/parvo.gif
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Canine Parvovirus

• Progression of disease
• Endotoxemia
• Sepsis
• Hypovolemic shock
• Hypoglycemia
• Two reasons?
• DIC
• Disseminated intravscular coagulation

http//www.sheprescue.org/tails20of20joy202.htm
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Canine Parvovirus

• Diagnosis
• Hematology
• Neutropenia
• Leukocytosis in recovery
• Chemistry
• Hypoglycemia
• Elevated liver enzymes
• Azotemia
• Pre-renal
• ELISA
• Snap test IDEXX
• CITE

http//www.idexx.nl/diergezondheid/icproducten/ind
ex.jsp
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Canine Parvovirus

• Therapy
• Fluids
• Correct electrolyte imbalance
• Rehydrate
• LRS K
• Fluids
• Did I mention fluids?
• NPO
• Broad spectrum antibiotics
• Antiemtics
• Antidiarrheal
• Analgesics
• Isolation

http//www.petharbor.org/images/hospital.jpg
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Canine Parvovirus

• Prevention
• Bleach
• 132
• Vaccination
• Maternal antibody interference
• Ab can persist for up to 18 weeks
• Window of opportunity
• MLV better protection
• Early vaccination if colostrum deprived
• Susceptible breeds
• Rottweilers, Doberman, Labs

http//images.art.com/images/PRODUCTS/Regular/1000
1000/10001801.jpg
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Parvo Links

• http//vetpath4.afip.org/proto/show_page.php?id12
  
• http//vetpath4.afip.org/proto/show_page.php?id11
  

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Canine Coronavirus

• Etiologic Agent
• Canine corona virus (CCV)
• Only affects canids
• Epitheliotropic virus
• Transmission
• Fecal oral route
• Animals may be subclinical for months
• Easily spread
• May be asyomptomatic

http//duke.usask.ca/misra/virology/stud2005/vacc
ines3/coronavirus.html
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Canine Coronavirus

• Pathophysiology
• Virus invades epithelial cells (enterocytes) of
  the villi
• Compare to the damage of parvovirus?

http//www.fao.org/docrep/003/t0756e/T0756E128.jpg
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Canine Coronavirus

• Clinical signs
• Anorexia
• Depression
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Soft to watery
• Occasional blood
• Other dogs showing signs
• Usually afebrile
• Not as multisystem

http//petservice.com/libraries/pictures/coron_pic
t.html
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Canine Coronavirus

• Diagnosis
• Usually by clinical signs
• Virus isolation
• Electron microscopy
• Fluorescent antibody test
• Not practically clinically

http//duke.usask.ca/misra/virology/stud2005/vacc
ines3/coronavirus.html
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Canine Coronavirus

• Therapy
• Treat like other acute enteritis
• Fluid therapy prn
• Dietary restriction
• NPO
• i/d
• Eukanuba Low Residue
• Protectants
• Bismuth

http//mantenoanimalhospital.com/EukLowResi.jpg
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Canine Infectious Hepatitis

• Etiologic agent
• CAV-1
• Canine adenovirus 1
• Serologically homogenous, but antigenically
  different from CAV-2
• CAV-2
• Involved with kennel cough
• Wild and domestic canids

http//duke.usask.ca/misra/virology/stud2005/vacc
ines3/hepatitis.html
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Canine Infectious Hepatitis

• Transmission
• Oro-nasal exposure
• Found in secretions
• Very resistant to inactivation and disinfection
• Pathophysiology
• Oro-nasal exposure
• Viremia
• Spreads to all tissue
• Especially
• Hepatocytes
• Endothelium
• Corneal edema
• Anterior uveitis
• Blue eye

http//duke.usask.ca/misra/virology/stud2005/vacc
ines3/hepatitis.html
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Canine Infectious Hepatitis

• Clinical signs
• Peracute infection
• Moribund in matter of hours
• Death
• Acute
• Fever 103-106
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Abdominal pain
• Petechiae
• Epistaxis
• Melena

• Clinical signs
• Ocular infection
• Corneal edema
• Anterior uveitis
• Chronic Active Hepatitis
• Persistent hepatic infection

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Canine Infectious Hepatitis

• Therapy
• Supportive
• Fluids
• glucose
• Maintain health until hepatocellular regeneration
• Antibiotics
• Prn
• Antiemetics
• Prevention
• MLV vaccination
• Excellent protection

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Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis

• Kennel cough complex (KCC)
• Several virus involved and bacteria (Bordetella
  bronchiseptica)
• CAV-2
• Canine adenoviruses (CAV-1 and CAV-2)
• Cross protection with vaccination
• Proliferative, necrotizing bronchitis
• CPI
• Canine parainfluenza virus
• Others
• Canine herpes virus
• Canine reoviruses
• Mycoplasms

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Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis

• Pathophysiology
• Viral damage to respiratory epithelium
• Colonization of bacteria (can also be mycotic,
  mycoplasma)
• Usually
• Bordetella bronchiseptica
• Tracheitis
• Occasionally pneumonia
• Incubation
• 3-10 days

http//www.felinebb.info/disease/microbiology/figu
re1.asp
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Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis

• Clinical signs
• Dry non productive cough
• Gagging
• /- fever
• No other signs
• Self limiting
• Severe
• pneumonia

http//www.darwinvets.plus.com/dogs/kennelCough.ht
m
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Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis

• Diagnosis
• History of exposure to other dogs
• Clinical signs
• Cough
• Tracheal palpation
• Dry non productive
• Gagging
• Nasal swabs for culture

http//www.thepetcenter.com/gen/kenc.html
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Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis

• Treatment
• Antibiotic
• Systemic
• Clavamox
• Nebulazation
• Gentamycin
• Antitussive
• Temaril P
• Dextramethorphan
• Butorphanol

http//www.77canadapharmacy.com/images/product/T/t
emaril-p.jpg
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Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis

• Prevention
• Air flow
• 15-20 air changes per hour
• CAV-1 or CAV-2 vaccination
• Parainfluenza vaccination
• Parenteral
• Injectable
• Bordetella bronchiseptica
• Intranasal IgA
• Injectable - IgG

http//www.scheringploughanimalhealth.ca/images/an
imal/featured_products/intratrac/intratrac.jpg