P1247676908TEHDM

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History

• Ancient History
• 10th plague of Egypt
• St. Anthony's Fire (Claviceps ergot, alkaloid)
• Modern History
• 1940s/50s Alimentary Toxic Aleukia (Fusarium)
• 1930s/50s Stachybotrotoxicosis (Stachybotrys
  atra)
• Turkey X disease in 1960 100,000s poultry died
  (Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus)

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Some Important Mycotoxins

• Aflatoxins
• Ergot
• Trichothecenes
• T-2
• deoxynivalenol

• Fumonisin
• Zearalenone
• Ochratoxins
• Patulin
• Gliotoxin

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Aflatoxins

• AF B1, B2, G1, G2, M1 sterigmatocystins
• Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus, A. nidulans
• Peanuts, corn, cottonseed, oil seed
• Hepatocarcinogen, toxic, mutagenic, teratogenic
• Acute or chronic toxicity
• FDA and International levels
• 0.5 ppb M1 in milk
• 20 ppb humans, dairy/young animals
• Increasing amounts other animals

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Test animal fed uncontaminated feed
Test animal fed aflatoxin contaminated feed
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Recent poisoning events

• 1998 Dog poisoning in Texas
• 2004 Human poisoning in Kenya
• 2005/6 Dog poisoning Eastern Coast USA

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Aspergillus conidiophores
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Aspergillus flavus sporulating on corn and peanut
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Trichothecenes

• T-2 toxin
• Fusarium sporotrichioides
• Small grains, potatoes, corn
• Inhibit protein synthesis
• Bloody diarrhea, dermal necrosis, decreased
  production

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Trichothecenes, cont.

• Deoxynivalenol vomitoxin or DON
• Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum
• Small grains, called scab corn sometimes
• Swine especially vulnerable feed refusal,
  vomiting
• Pet foods often contaminated
• Immunosuppressant, kidney problems
• FDA advisory 1 ppm humans, 5 ppm swine other
  animals, 10 ppm beef chickens

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Fusarium head blight (Scab)Fusarium graminearum
Gibberella zeaehttp//www.apsnet.org/education/
feature/FHB/
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Fusarium graminearum Gibberella zeae
Perithecium, Ascospores primary inoculum
Canoe shaped macroconidia have footcell,
secondary inoculum
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Fusarium graminearum infected small grain kernels
(head scab)
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Splaylegged piglets may starve or be crushed
zearalenone
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Fumonisins

• FU B1, B2, B3
• Fusarium verticilliodes, F. proliferatum
• corn
• Interfer with sphingolipid metabolism/second
  messenger
• Leukoencephalomalacia of horses
• Esophageal cancer humans?
• FDA guidance 2- 4 ppm humans, 20-100 different
  animals

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Hole in the head disease from liquification of
horse brains.
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Autopsied brains from Horses afflicted with ELEM.
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Symptoms and Signs
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Clusters of esophageal cancer - associated
with mycotoxin (fumonisin?) tainted corn mash
liquor?
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For more info, see http//www.dallasnews.com/scie
nce/ health/302523_toxiccorn_met04.html
Tuesday March 6, 2001 Corn Toxin Examined In
Border Birth Defects
Diet may have put Hispanics at risk By Laura
Beil / The Dallas Morning News The nurses
at Valley Regional Medical Center in Brownsville
sensed something more than a horrible
coincidence. Two babies born the same day in
April 1991 had brains that were stunted or
missing, A rare defect that usually strikes only
three or four births in 10,000. Stunned,
nurse Connie Riezenman called the Texas
Department of Health. Before state officials
could respond hours later, doctors had delivered
a third, tragically malformed infant. "I felt
frantic," she said. "It was just too scary. In
the next six weeks, three more women gave birth
to misshapen newborns at her hospital. State
and national investigators would eventually find
that Brownsville had an astonishingly high rate
of anencephaly, as the condition is called. From
1989 through 1991, 32 women in this town of
130,000 carried anencephalic babies. Many of the
children died within hours, and all within days,
of birth. Then, in 1992, the anencephaly rate
ebbed as unexpectedly as it had risen.
Still searching for a cause, many experts keep
circling back to one of the few explanations for
an epidemic that can come and go on its own a
natural poison that crept in and out of the food
supply.Disease investigators have focused on a
ommon toxin found in corn, a mainstay of a...
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Patulin

• Penicillin patulinum, other Penicillium and
  Aspergillus spp.
• Apples, apple juice
• Hemorrhaging in cattle
• Toxic to cell lines, laboratory animals
• European 50 ppb in baby foods and fruit juices

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SEM
microscope
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Symptoms and Signs
orange
apples
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Control of Mycotoxins

• Post-harvest moisture levels
• Pre-harvest no good control
• Resistant/tolerant varieties
• Ear rot loci in corn
• Transgenic plants
• BT corn helps with a Fusarium
  mycotoxin,fumonisin
• Removing genes contributing to susceptibility
• Adding anti-fungal or anti-toxin genes
• Biocontrol
• Competition (atoxigenic strains)
• EPA registration for Aspergillus flavus AF36
• Fungistatic/inhibition of toxin or fungus (yeast,
  Bacillus)
• Predators

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Fusarium head blight in wheat Biocontrol with
Bacillus.
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OZONATION OF CONTAMINATED CORN EFFECT ON GROWTH


PHOTO MCKENZIE ET AL. POULTRY SCI., 1998
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ENTEROSORBENT CLAY ADDITIVE


AFLATOXIN PRESENT IN FEED
NOVASIL ADDED TO CONTAMINATED FEED
PHOTOS OFFICE OF THE TEXAS STATE CHEMIST
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Building Sickness(flooded, moist homes)
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Human Disease
Aspergillus
Fusarium