Smoking Tobacco

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Smoking Tobacco

• Chapter 13

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History of Tobacco

• Tobacco - Nicotiana Tabacum and Nicotiana Rustica
• Smoking practiced among the early Mayas, probably
  in the district of Tabasco, Mexico, as part of
  their religious ceremonies 86-161 AD
• Europeans first exposure from Columbus 1492
• 2Spread throughout Europe during the 1500-1600s
• By Elizabethan times addictive potential was
  apparent
• 1633 Turkish Sultan mandated death to smokers
• Late 1800s cigarette smoking became popular
• Link to cancer established during 1960s

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Tobacco Drug Administration

• The active psychotropic drug in tobacco is
  nicotine
• Nicotine is an acetylcholine agonist
• Nicotine in tobacco can be administered into the
  blood stream via, eating, snorting, contact
  w/mucous membranes and SMOKING
• Smoking is the most common route of
  administration
• Pipes
• Cigars
• Cigarettes

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Smoking and the Respiratory System
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The Respiratory System

• Air flows in through the
• nasal passages
• pharynx
• larynx
• trachea
• bronchi and bronchioles
• Smoke is drawn through the mouth and into the
  respiratory system

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The Respiratory System

• Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract to
  increase volume of chest.
• Resulting loss in pressure causes air to flow in

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The Respiratory System

• Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli
• Alveolus A tiny, thin-walled, capillary-rich sac
  in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and
  carbon dioxide takes place. In this sense, also
  called air sac.

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The Respiratory System - Gas Exchange

• Bubbles with thin skin
• Diffusion pressure leads carbon dioxide to move
  from the blood and oxygen into the blood.

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Smoking and Disease

• Cardiovascular Disease
• Cancer
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
• A Host of Other Fun Stuff

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Cardiovascular Disease

• Primary cause of smoking related deaths
• Smoking leads to a relative risk of 2.0 for CVD
• Speeds plaque formation (Atherosclerosis)
• Nicotine increase cardiovascular strain

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Cancer

• Lung, lip, mouth, pharynx, esophagus, pancreas,
  esophagus, pancreas, larynx, trachea, bladder and
  kidney
• 9.0 relative risk for smoking and cancer
• Primary contributor to lung cancer deaths
• Cigarettes contain at least 43 distinct
  cancer-causing chemicals.

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

• COPD
• Emphysema
• Chronic Bronchitis
• Frequently coexist, thus physicians prefer the
  term COPD
• Fourth leading cause of death in the U.S.

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

• Approx. 80 to 90 of COPD cases are caused by
  smoking
• Relative risk 10.0

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Chronic Bronchitis

• Chronic bronchitis is an inflammation and
  eventual scarring of the lining of the bronchial
  tubes.

• An estimated 14 million people suffer from
  chronic bronchitis, the seventh leading chronic
  condition in America.

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Chronic Bronchitis

• Symptoms of chronic bronchitis include
• chronic cough, increased mucus
• frequent clearing of the throat
• shortness of breath.

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Emphysema

• Emphysema causes irreversible lung damage. The
  walls between the air sacs within the lungs lose
  their ability to stretch and recoil. They become
  weakened and break.

• Elasticity of the lung tissue is lost, causing
  air to be trapped in the air sacs and impairing
  the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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Emphysema

• Symptoms of emphysema include cough, shortness of
  breath and a limited exercise tolerance.

• Diagnosis is made by pulmonary function tests,
  along with the patient's history, examination and
  other tests.