Cesar Millan -

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Cesar Millan - DOG WHISPERER
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by Chris Browne MacDuff ? http//www.comics.co
m/comics/raisingduncan/
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KIDNEY URINARY DISORDERS in the SCOTTISH
TERRIER
George Procento MD Scottish Terrier Club of
Chicago MARCH 11, 2007
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NERA 1992 - 2004

• CMO (CranioMandibular Ostopathy) age 4 mo.
• LUXATING PATELLAE CRANIAL CRUCIATE LIGAMENT
  INJURY age 8 yrs.
• KIDNEY FAILURE age 12 yrs.

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CMO (CranioMandibular Ostopathy) STCC Jan. 2005
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LUXATING PATELLAE CRANIAL CRUCIATE LIGAMENT
INJURY STCC Jan. 2006
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• KIDNEY DISEASE
• EPIDEMIOLOGY
• ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY
• TYPES
• CAUSES
• SYMPTOMS
• TREATMENT
• PROGNOSIS
• PREVENTION

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RESEARCH
ÇPhoto - Courtesy of Laurie Keenan German
Postcard Der Buecherfreund" ("The
Bibliophile") Echte Photographie
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EPIDEMIOLOGY study of the Incidence, Prevalence,
Distribution of disease in large
populations with intention of contributing to
the discovery of Causes, Control, Treatment
and/or Cure.
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http//www.stca.biz/2005HealthSurveyData.htmRef5
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9/27/2006The following article, which discusses
responses to the 2005 Health Survey, is raw data.
The reader is strongly cautioned that the results
here presented represent a unique snapshot of a
small number of dogs reported upon by a small
number of owners at a particular moment in time.
The results may or may not hold true for the
larger population of all Scottish Terriers or for
any dogs of other breeds. While the observations
reported may hold true in the overall population
of Scottish Terriers, no probability calculations
have been done. Louis A. Mitchell, M.D. Chairman,
STCA Health Trust Fund
SURVEY vs. STUDY CASE-CONTROL / DOUBLE-BLIND
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2005 STCA Health Survey Data Report
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2005 STCA Health Survey Data Report
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2005 STCA Health Survey Data Report
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Table 7 diseases that respondents reported as
their foremost concern either among their own
dogs or within the general Scottie population as
a whole. . . . obviously based on opinion and
not fact . . . Another difference between these
two lists is the appearance of several non
disease issues in the list of major Scottie
health issues. Specifically, there were
references to the STCA standard and various
breeding practices as being a major health issue.
2005 STCA Health Survey Data Report
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2005 STCA Health Survey Data Report
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2005 STCA Health Survey Data Report
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. . . Disease and Illness index that was
distributed along with the survey was used as a
starting point. After attempting to assign codes
to as many reported illnesses as possible, the
complete list of illnesses and the coded index
was reviewed by Marcia Dawson, DVM. . . . Dr.
Dawson also verified that all of the reported
illnesses had been assigned to an appropriate
illness code. The database file contains a
complete list of the illness codes that were used
as well as the original illness data from each
survey form. Table 22 is therefore a report on
the most frequently assigned illness codes.
2005 STCA Health Survey Data Report
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2005 STCA Health Survey Data Report
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Great Scot Magazine 2005 Scottish Terrier Health
Survey of 1687 Companion Scotties
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Great Scot Magazine 2005 Scottish Terrier Health
Survey of 1687 Companion Scotties
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Lady of the Loch by Kate Maynard
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ANATOMY
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Only two animals in all of nature get prostate
cancer dogs and humans. Intact male Scotties
normally have a prostate up to 4 times larger
than other breeds
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KIDNEYS 0.5 of total body weight receive
20 of blood from heart
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PHYSIOLOGY
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NEPHRON
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NERAs BLOOD TEST July 2004 (age 12Y)
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NERAs BLOOD TEST July 2004 (age 12Y) BUN 62 H
(nl 6-25) CREAT. 3.3 H (nl 0.5-1.6) POTAS.
5.6 H (nl 3.6-5.5) OSMOL. 338 H (nl
277-311) ALBUMIN 2.4 L (nl 2.7-4.4) PHOS. 7.2
H (nl 2.5-6.0) ALK.PHOS. 850 H (nl
5-131) AMYLASE 2026 H (nl 290-1125)
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TYPES of KIDNEY FAILURE ACUTE
sudden,catastrophic damage to kidneys
(e.g. infection toxic insult) may be
fatal if not diagnosed in time
or successfully treated (less
than 25 undamaged kidney or
doesnt rebound with supportive care) CHRONIC
slow, but progressive decline of kidney
function development of secondary
problems
(Calcium/Phosporus Hypertension, etc.)
Therapy Dietary? Medication?
END-STAGE loss of appetite weight
quality-of-life
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Pompeii 79 A.D.
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Reggie, Jillian Velcro 2006 A.D.
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Barney Bush - 21st Century
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CAUSES of CANINE KIDNEY FAILURE

• GENETIC PREDISPOSITION
• CYSTIC KIDNEYS RENAL DYSPLASIA / HYPOPLASIA
• LEPTOSPIROSIS
• URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS
• RECURRENT / UNDIAGNOSED / UNTREATED
• MEDICATIONS
• ANTIBIOTICS - GENTAMICIN, TETRACYCLINE,
  SULFA
• ANTI-INFLAMMATORIES - ASPIRIN, IBUPROFEN,
• CARPROFEN (Rimadyl)
• CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY (Cisplatin)
• XRAY IV-CONTRAST
• ANESTHETICS
• OBSTRUCTIVE
• STONES
• CANCER - BLADDER

• LEPTOSPIROSIS
• ( ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
• PHOTOGRAPH )
• SPIROCHETE
• ZOONOSIS
• VACCINE

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• GRAPE / RAISIN TOXICITY IN DOGS
• RESULT ACUTE RENAL FAILURE (ARF) DEATH !
• ACTUAL MECHANISM OF TOXICITY UNKNOWN
• Theories
• metabolic disruption
• nephrotoxic mycotoxin (fungus?)
• idiosyncratic reaction (individual-dog specific)
• Dogs that have developed ARF - exposed in
  various ways
• grapes purchased from grocery store
• grapes growing in backyard
• grape pressings from wineries
• seedless and seeded varieties
• Some of the grapes involved were tested for
• pesticides, heavy metals, and mycotoxins(fungus)
• ALL TESTS WERE NEGATIVE FOR IDENTIFIED CAUSE
• Unclear if the skin of the grape must be
  ingested for ARF to occur
• DOGS are the primary species affected
• whether other species are affected remains
  unknown
• TYPICAL CASE

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NOGRAPES OR RAISINS FOR DOGS !
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AUTOMOBILE ANTIFREEZE DEADLY TO PETS !
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AUTOMOBILE ANTIFREEZE DEADLY TO PETS !
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• Automotive Antifreeze has a sweet taste and can
  be attractive to pets. Ethylene glycol is the
  most dangerous and also the most common form of
  antifreeze. Very small amounts can be lethal to
  pets. As little as four teaspoons of antifreeze
  can be fatal to a 10 lb. dog (20 lb. Scottie - 8
  tsp. / 40ml. / 1.3 ounces)
• MECHANISM? forms OXALATE CRYSTALS
• in nephrons / blocking tubules obstructing
  kidney function
• Antifreeze Poisoning Prevention Tips
• Clean up antifreeze spills immediately
• Check your car regularly for radiator leaks
• Always store antifreeze containers in areas
  inaccessible to pets
• Never allow your pets to have access to the area
  when you are draining
• antifreeze from your car
• Propylene glycol is a less toxic form of
  antifreeze and should be used
• instead of ethylene glycol (although NOT
  completely NON-TOXIC
• Might ALSO cause KIDNEY DAMAGE/FAILURE
  (different mechanism?)

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POSSIBLY LETHAL TO DOGS
DEFINITELY LETHAL !
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SYMPTOMS of KIDNEY FAILURE

• IMPAIRED BALANCE of
• FLUID / ELECTROLYTES / ACID-BASE
• BUILDUP OF METABOLIC OTHER TOXINS
• BUILDUP OF POTASSIUM / PHOSPHORUS
• LOSS OF IMPORTANT BLOOD PROTEINS
• LOSS OF APPETITE
• WEIGHT LOSS
• INCREASED URINATION
• INCREASED DRINKING
• ANEMIA
• WEAKNESS
• LATE STAGES
• LETHARGY / DECREASED ALERTNESS
• HYPERTENSION
• TREMORS
• SEIZURES
• DEATH

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TREATMENT of KIDNEY FAILURE

• FLUID THERAPY (SUBCUTANEOUS SALINE)
• DIETARY RESTRICTIONS (PROTEIN PHOSPHORUS)
• CALCIUM / CALCITROL SUPPLEMENTS
• BLOOD PRESSURE Rx
• ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME (ACE) INHIBITORS
  -
• e.g. ENALAPRIL / VASOTEC
• GASTROINTESTINAL PROTECTANTS
• SYMPTOM RELIEF - FAMOTIDINE/PEPCID
• DIALYSIS
• KIDNEY TRANSPLANT

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PROGNOSIS
ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE sudden loss of function
that is sometimes but not always reversible (if
25 or more of kidney function retained
) CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE is an irreversible
loss of function that occurs gradually over
months or years. Rate of decline and/or early
diagnosis dietary or medication treatments
might determine quality of life maximum
possible lifespan against the challenges of loss
of maximum kidney function END-STAGE KIDNEY
DISEASE usually fatal in weeks (or days)
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Watercolor by Cindi Lynch Muskego, WI
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BLADDER CANCER IN DOGS
www.vet.purdue.edu/pcop/CanineUrinaryBladderCancer
.pdf
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• URINARY BLADDER CANCER in Dogs
• is unusual compared to cancer in other locations
• Only 1-2 of all cancers in the dog.
• Most common type transitional cell carcinoma
  (TCC)
• develops from the cells that line the bladder
• In dogs - invades into the deeper layers of the
  bladder wall enlarges in the bladder can then
• cause obstruction to the flow of urine from the
• kidneys to the bladder or from the bladder to the
  outside of the body.
• Canine TCC also tends to spread to lymph nodes
• and to other organs in the body (lung, liver,
  others)
• Majority of human bladder cancer
• lower grade, superficial ( more common in
  MALES)
• Dogs most often develop
• higher grade, invasive form of bladder cancer
• ( more common in FEMALES)

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• What causes TCC/Bladder Cancer in dogs ? -
  combination of several factors including genetic
  predisposition environmental factors ?
• A genetic predisposition
• is suspected because TCC is more common in
  specific breeds of dogs
• Scottish Terriers
• (18 fold increased risk compared to other
  breeds)
• Shetland Sheepdogs (4 fold increased risk)
• Beagles (4 fold increased risk)
• West Highland White Terriers (3 fold increased
  risk)
• Wire Hair Fox Terriers (3 fold increased risk)
• Environmental factors identified as risk
• factors in previous studies have included
  pesticides
• and insecticides including "old generation" flea
  dips.

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Great Scot Magazine 2005 Scottish Terrier Health
Survey of 1687 Companion Scotties
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THANK YOU

• Marcia Dawson, DVM
• Sheree A. Block, DVM
• STCA / Scottie Health Trust
• STCC / Fellow Members
• Nera, Angus, Lola

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All dogs are good any terrier is better a
SCOTTIE is the BEST . . . . . . nobody can live
in the same house with him . . . and not love
him William Haynes 1936